Research article · 2022 · Full text
International Journal of Agriculture and NutritionEucalypt in the Tunisian arid region: Diversity and valorization for honey production
Volume 4(1) · Pages 1–5 · DOI: 10.33545/26646064.2022.v4.i1a.45 ↗
Research areasHorticultural and Viticultural ResearchPlant and animal studiesBee Products Chemical Analysis
Abstract
Author-writtenFor four years (2016 - 2019), we studied Eucalyptus in the arid region of Tunisia. This tree is frequently introduced in the region from the sixties of the twentieth century, with the installation of three arboreta in 1959/1960 and several plantations; these arboreta are the only ones planted in the arid region. Fifteen species and one hybrid have been identified, with a very variable presence, the most dominant species are: E. camaldulensis, E. torquate, E. microtheca, E. occidentalis and E. gomphocephala. In 2017 and 2018, each month, we have followed the flowering of all Eucalyptus species, identified those that have an importance and abundance of flowering, and qualified as interesting in beekeeping. These are: E. camaldulensis, E. torquata, E. microtheca, E. occidentalis, E. oleosa, E. diversifolia, E. flocktoniae and E. torwood (hybrid). Besides, other species are present and show no interest for beekeepers, mainly E. gracilis, E. astringens, E. brockwayii and E. gomphocephala, the latter is very common in Mediterranean region, Tunisia and the area of this study (Gabes).
Summary
Source-checkedPlain-language reading of the full paper, prepared with AI and checked against the text. Each point links to the authors' own words.
Why it matters
- Eucalyptus is widely planted in Tunisia, making up 6% of the country's national forest cover. View evidence ↗
- Eucalyptus honey is globally commercialized and valued for its medicinal and antibacterial properties. View evidence ↗
- Eucalyptus serves as a critical source of pollen and nectar for honeybees. View evidence ↗
The question
- The study aims to identify Eucalyptus species in the arid Gabes region of Tunisia, determine their flowering periods, and assess their value for beekeeping. View evidence ↗
What they did
- The research was conducted in the arid Gabes region, covering an area of 7,166 km². View evidence ↗
- Researchers identified species and monitored their flowering levels monthly throughout 2017 and 2018. View evidence ↗
What they found
- Eight species/hybrids were identified as interesting for beekeeping due to abundant flowering: E. camaldulensis, E. torquata, E. microtheca, E. occidentalis, E. oleosa, E. diversifolia, E. flocktoniae, and the hybrid E. torwood. View evidence ↗
- In 2017, abundant flowering lasted one month for E. camaldulensis and E. microtheca, two months for E. torquata, E. occidentalis, E. diversifolia, and E. oleosa, and three months for E. flocktoniae and E. torwood. View evidence ↗
- Flowering periods varied slightly between 2017 and 2018, likely due to climatic differences, with 2018 being hotter and 2017 having more rainfall. View evidence ↗
- The hybrid E. torwood demonstrated significant value for beekeepers, showing abundant flowering for six months from December to May. View evidence ↗
- Certain species, including E. gracilis, E. astringens, E. brockwayii, and E. gomphocephala, were found to be of no interest to beekeepers. View evidence ↗
What it means
- The authors recommend avoiding monocultures in future afforestation and instead introducing a diverse range of melliferous Eucalyptus species and hybrids. View evidence ↗
- Diversifying Eucalyptus species helps protect against desertification while improving the availability of pollen and nectar for bees. View evidence ↗
Visual summary
1 visualsIllustrations explain the paper; they do not show study data.
Afforestation Strategy Comparison
AI-generated conceptual illustration (Eucalyptus trees and honeybees in an arid Tunisian landscape). It explains the idea and does not show study data.
View source evidence ↗Figures & tables
From the original paper
Table 1
Figure 1
Table 2
Figure 2Introduction
Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) is represented by 747 species. It is native to Australia, with a few native species from Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines (Leicach et al., 2012) [14] . Tunisia is one of the North African countries that has frequently planted eucalypt. This tree accounts for 6% of the national forest cover (DGF, 2010) [6] . Indeed, 117 species have been introduced and tested in 30 arboreta and several regions of Tunisia (Khouja et al., 2001) [13] . This tree is essentially characterized by rapid growth and drought tolerance. It is used for wood, firewood, poles, building materials, pulp and paper. It is also a raw material for many industries including medicine and honey production (FAO, 2011) [10] ; all of these benefits could improve the incomes of rural people. Indeed, Eucalyptus is a honey tree of great importance; it is an important source of nectar and pollen for the honeybees (Simeão et al., 2015) [19] . In Australia, most honeys are palynologically dominated by Eucalyptus. In fact, about 70% of Australian honey comes from Eucalyptus species (Sniderman et al., 2018) [20] . Thus, in the east Mediterranean region, Eucalyptus honey is frequent in northern Africa and southern Europe. Eucalyptus honey is commercialized worldwide and much desired by consumers for its medicinal properties (Bobis et al., 2020) [3] . It is known for its relevant beneficial effects, mainly its antibacterial properties. The mechanisms of action reside in honey sugars, which exert pressure on bacterial cells through osmotic effect (Proano et al., 2021). In Tunisia, there are 12000 beekeepers and 310000 beehives. The average national production is 1800T of honey in 2015, with 120T in the south and 45T for the region of Gabes our study area. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. gomphocephala are the two species frequently planted in the country and used for honey production (Ben Brahim & Nsaibya, 2016) [1] . Thus, the production of Eucalyptus honey is frequent even in the south of Tunisia. In this study, we aim to identify the Eucalyptus species present in the region of Gabes in the arid of Tunisia, their flowering period and their interest for beekeepers. Thus, we analyzed the pollen and nectar qualities of these species. This work is a step for the analysis and valorization of eucalypt in beekeeping in presbyterian and Saharian regions.
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Description of the study area
Prospecting and study were carried out in the Gabes area between latitudes 33° 18' 09.69''N and 34° 16' 43.13''N and longitudes 9°31' 44.09''E and 10° 26' 29.26''E (Figure 1). This region covers 7166 km² and is characterized by an arid bioclimate, the average annual rainfall is 190 mm. Average annual Potential Evapo-Transpiration (PET) is about 1762 mm. Maximum and minimum temperatures are 24.3 °C and 16.2 °C, respectively (Masmoudi & Habaieb 2017) [16] .
Temperature and rainfall
The values of the average temperature and rainfall recorded in the city of Gabes per month during 2017 and 2018 are the following from January (1) to December (12) (Table 1).
| Year | Parameter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Total | Average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Average temperature (°C) | 12 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 31 | 28 | 24 | 19 | 14 | - | 22 |
| Rainfall (mm) | 2 | 4 | 25 | 12 | 21 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 38 | 19 | 138 | - | |
| 2018 | Average temperature (°C) | 15 | 15 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 25 | 20 | 16 | - | 22,58 |
| Rainfall (mm) | 1 | 15 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 68 | - |
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Plant material and methodology
The plant material concerned by our study is the Eucalyptus species existing in the great region of Gabes. We carried out prospecting throughout the study area. We listed and identified the species present and followed their flowering cycle during two years (2017 and 2018), by a monthly estimation of flowering level for each species (high, medium, low, nil). The studied species are present in three arboreta or planted in several other areas. The identification was made based on the existing herbarium at INRGREF and the archives of each arboretum's eucalyptus collection.
Species of Eucalyptus in the region of Gabes 1. Arboreta of Eucalyptus in dry Tunisian region
There are only three arboreta in the south of Tunisia, the driest region of the country. They were planted by the National Forest Research Institute (INRF) in 1959/1960. These arboreta and their geographical coordinates are as follows: Metouia (Latitude 33° 57' 50.68''N, longitude 9° 59' 07.33" E and altitude 31m), Hamma (33° 54' 41.87'' N, longitude 9° 39' 40.92"E and altitude 40 m) and Zrig Barania (33° 43' 56.12''N, longitude 10° 09' 34.387"E, 43 m) (Figure 1). In these arboreta, there are 11 [2] , Johannsmeier, 2016 [12] [7] , Johannsmeier, 2016 [12] E. torwood -+ NP Eisikowitch et al., 2012 [8] E. gracilis --Np (Birtchnell & Gibson, 2008) [2] , Coleman, 1962 [4]
Species of Eucalyptus in the region of Gabes
In addition to the species mentioned in the three arboreta, there are other species planted in the region like Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus diversifolia Bonpl and Eucalyptus sargentii Maiden. In total, fifteen species and one hybrid have been identified in the Gabes region.
Flowering cycle
Figures 2 shows the flowering periods of each species identified in the arid region of Tunisia, as well as the importance of their flowering. Eight species presented an abundant flowering in 2017. These periods are one month for E. camaldulensis and E microtheca, two months pour E. torquata, E. occidentalis, E. diversifolia and E. oleosa and three months for E. flocktoniae and E. torwood. The period of abundant flowering varies little in 2018; it was extended by one month for E. camaldulensis and E. flocktoniae and two months for E. microtheca. However, it has shrunk a month to E. torquata and E. diversifolia and it has not happened for E. camaldulensis. E torwood kept the same flowering period. The low variation in the flowering period observed between 2017 and 2018 is probably due to the variation in climatic factors between the two years. Indeed, the temperature is higher in 2018 and the rainfall in 2017 (table 1). Thus, the period of an abundant flowering is changed by a modest flowering; just less abundant. Among these species, those that are common in the region and frequently used by beekeepers as a source of nectar are, E. camaldulensis, E. torquata, E. microtheca, E. occidentalis. On the other hand, E. gracilis and E. brockwayii are characterized by low flowering spread over a short period. Flowering is totally absent in 2017 for E. gracilis. The flowering period is longer for E. gomphocephala, E. salmonophloia and E. astringens, but their flowering is less abundant. These species are renowned for their abundant flowering in the humid, subhumid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia (Ben Brahim & Nsaibya, 2016) [1] . We can deduce that the species showing an abundant flowering of period are: E. camaldulensis, E. torquata, E. occidentalis, E. microtheca, E. flocktoniea, E. oleosa and E. torwood. The majority of these species produce pollen and nectar with good quality for bee nutrition (Coleman, 1962; Birtchnell & Gibson, 2008, Johannsmeier, 2016) [4,2,12] . Moreover, their flowering is in winter or summer, in a critical period of the year, characterized by the absence of flowering in the majority of the spontaneous and cultivated plants. E. torwood, for example, showed abundant flowering for six months, from December to May. This result is obtained by Eisikowitch et al. (2012) [8] for this same hybrid from October to May, and reflects the importance of this hybrid for beekeepers. Other than these seven species, showing flowering abundance for the monitoring done in 2017 and 2018 (Tables 1 and2), one other was identified later, in 2019, it's Eucalyptus sargentii, species represented by well-developed individuals, which frequently flowered between December 2019 and June 2020.
Characteristics of pollen and nectar
Eucalyptus plantations are frequently used for the establishment of bee yards. This choice is profitable because Eucalyptus produces massive quantities of flowers with a large number of anthers, producing a large amount of pollen (Simeão et al., 2015) [19] . Indeed, Eucalyptus species are generally characterized by a great interest in beekeeping because their nectar is rich in carbohydrates and their pollen contains proteins, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. These elements are essential for the nutrition and health of bees (Eliyahu, 2020) [9] . The nectar from Eucalyptus is the basic raw material for the nutrition of bee and the production of honey (Bobis et al., 2020) [3] . In fact, in South Asia, South America, Africa and the Mediterranean basin, Eucalyptus species are important and dominant sources of nectar for beekeeping (Sniderman et al., 2018) [20] . The nutritional quality and the volume of nectar per flower varies greatly between species. In E. erythrocoris, Lupo & Eisikowitch (1990) obtained a volume of 4 ml of nectar per flower in four days of flowering, with a total of 0.5 g of sugar. However, the volume of nectar is estimated to be 0.18 ml in E. spathulata by Power et al. (2018) [17] . Davis (1997) [5] studied three Eucalyptus species, E. cosmophylla, E. grandis and E. pulverulenta and revealed a difference in nectar quantity and quality. Nectar yields and sugar levels per flower obtained are highest in E. cosmophylla, intermediate in E. pulverulenta and lowest in E. grandis. In addition, the nectars of E. cosmophylla and E. grandis are rich in hexose, while those of E. pulverulenta are rich in sucrose. At the same time, the sugar concentration of the nectar varies from 37.3 g/100 mL for E. cosmophylla, 49.6 g/100 mL for E. pulverulenta and 68.2 g/100 mL for E. grandis. Eucalyptus pollen contains on average of 23.8% of crude protein (Somerville and Nicol, 2006) [7] . Invernizzi et al., (2011) [11] noted that E. grandis pollen has 30% crude protein, but these values gradually decreased to 20% at the end of the flowering period. Frequently, isoleucine is the most limited amino acid in the composition of Eucalyptus pollen, for that reason, an exclusive supply of Eucalyptus pollen is not suitable for bees (Somerville & Nicol, 2006) [7] . In addition to the good quality of the nectar and pollen, the diversity of eucalypt adapted and planted in our arid regions allows us to obtain a long flowering period, which essentially covers the dry seasons of the year. This objective can be achieved, if in future afforestation programs, we avoid monoculture with a single species of Eucalyptus, and test and introduce other species and hybrids, known for their melliferous interests. For example, Eliyahu et al. (2020) [9] selected and propagated two honey Eucalyptus species for the arid region: Eucalyptus × trabutii and E. brachyphylla, two trees with high flowering intensity and high nectar production, and E. erythrocoris, recommended by Lupo & Eisikowitch (1990) and considered an excellent honey Eucalyptus. The diversification of Eucalyptus species used for afforestation and the selection of melliferous trees help to achieve the two main objectives of afforestation in this dry region: protection against desertification and improvement of the quality and quantity of pollen and nectar available for bees. The ultimate objective of this strategy is to contribute to the improvement of the rural population's income.
Conclusion
In the dry region, in addition to its ecological interests, Eucalyptus is a necessary tree for beekeepers. Thus, its flowering is possible in dry conditions, with a long period of the year and a good quality of pollen and nectar for the nutrition of bees. Moreover, it is characterized by a high diversity and elevated number of species. In such situation, the choice of species is crucial for the success of the plantations and the best beekeeping performance. A germplasm was installed in December 2017 in the region and the main objective of this study is to analyze the physiological behavior and the level of adaptation of these species.
Acknowledgement
AcknowledgmentsThis work was carried out within the framework of collaboration agreement between INRGREF (Agricultural Experimentation Unit of Gabes) and CRDA-Gabes. The authors thank Mr. Nouman Massoudi and Mr. Bechir Dadi and the staff of CRDA-Gabes for support and collaboration.
Figures and tables from the paper
| Species | Presence (+, +/-, -) | Flowering abundance (+, +/-, -) | Quality of pollen and nectar for bees (N, P, NP ou NU) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. camaldulensis, | + | + | NP | (Birtchnell & Gibson, 2008) [2], Johannsmeier, 2016 [12] |
| E. torquata, | + | + | NP | Eisikowitch et al., 2012) [8] |
| E. occidentalis | + | + | NP | Coleman, 1962 [4] |
| E. microtheca, | + | + | NP | Somerville & Nicol, 2006 [7], Johannsmeier, 2016 [12] |
| E. torwood | - | + | NP | Eisikowitch et al., 2012 [8] |
| E. gracilis | - | - | Np | (Birtchnell & Gibson, 2008) [2], Coleman, 1962 [4] |
| E. brokwayii | - | - | NU | |
| E. gomphocephala, | + | - | Np | Coleman, 1962 [4] |
| E. salmonophloia | - | - | Np | Coleman, 1962 [4] |
| E. astringens | - | +/- | NP | Coleman, 1962 [4] |
| E. lesouefii | - | +/- | NU | |
| E. oleosa | +/- | + | Np | Birtchnell & Gibson, 2008) [2] |
| E. salubris | +/- | + | NP | Coleman, 1962 [4] |
| E. diversifolia | +/- | + | NP | Birtchnell & Gibson, 2008) [2] |
| E. flocktoniea | - | + | NU | |
| E. sargentii | - | + | NU |
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References
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- Somerville DC, Nicol HI. Crude protein and amino acid composition of honey beecollected pollen pellets from South-East Australia and a note on laboratory disparity. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 2006:46:141-149.
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