Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of ryegrass

Introduction

India occupies 2.4% of the world's total geographical area supporting a livestock population of 536 million heads contributing approximately 15% of the world's total livestock population (20 th Livestock Census, 2019). Although, livestock is an essential component of the mixed-farming system, but feeding of livestock mostly on grazing of crop residues in common grazing land, which includes rice-fallows and other cultivable fallows. Henceforth, most of the times, availability of quality feed and fodder is a major bottle-neck for farmers in India due to chronic scarcity of feed and fodder resources, particularly during the rabi season in order to maintain optimal milk production and animal draught power (Kumar et al., 2012) [27] . During this period, most livestock remain underfed due to lack of available green fodder, resulting in poor animal health and productivity (Ashraf et al., 2013) [3] . Under such circumstances, Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), a southern European winter annual bunchgrass related to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) known for its highest forage production potentials annual rabi fodder crop (Acikgoz, 2001) [2] could be one of the is a very feasible option. It is becoming more popular as a forage crop due to its high productivity and nutritive value (Gerdes et al., 2005) [18] as well as its resistance capacity to diseases and cold weather and high animal acceptance (Cassol et al., 2011) [13] . It is mainly grown by farmers involved in intensive dairy farming because of its good herbage production and pasture quality [Garcia et al. (2014) [17] , van der Colf et al. (2015)] [48] . It thrives in areas with high rainfall and fertile soils with pH levels ranging from 6 to 7.

However, the growth and development as well as quality of fodder is determined by nutrient management practices. The inorganic nutrient management greatly affect the soil properties, crop yield (Kumar et al., 2016) [25] as well environment (Foley et al., 2005; Godara et al., 2012) [16,20] . On the other hand, combined application of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients significantly improvement yield and quality parameters of fodder crops (Biswas et al., 2020) [10] . As a integral part of integrated nutrient management the use of organic sources like vermicompost increased the nutrient bioavailability, promoted plant germination and dry matter production (Sabrina et al., 2013; Chavda and Rajawat, 2015) [38,13] . Sigaye et al. (2021) [42] also reported improvement in forage yield and nutrient status of the soil in maize under INM practices. Considering all the above point, the present experiment has been carried out to evaluate the performance of ryegrass under different nutrient management practices.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam during the rabi season of 2019 -2020. During the crop growth period the maximum and minimum temperature ranged from 20.7 to 29.5 °C and 8.4 to 16.2 °C, respectively. The weekly average relative humidity during the morning hours ranged from 91-100% while mean evening relative humidity ranged from 56-74%. The climate of Jorhat is subtropical humid with warm summers and cold winters. The pre-monsoon showers start from mid-March to April and the seasons are characterized by a gradual increase in temperature. The monsoon starts from June and extends up to the month of September-October. The rainfall intensity progressively decreases from mid-October to a minimum during December-January. During this period, rainfall is considerably low, and dry spells might occur extending till the end of March. The total rainfall recorded throughout the whole period of experimentation was 48.33 mm. The bright sunshine hours during the crop growing period ranged 1.1-8.2 h/day. The total evaporation during the crop growth period was 29.9 mm. The crop received adequate rainfall during the mid and late vegetative stages, least rainfall during the early vegetative stage. Furthermore, available soil moisture content measured during the experimental period was found to be lower in the early crop growth stage, resulting in moisture stress The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz., T1: Control (No fertilizer), T2: 100% RDF (inorganic), T3: 75% RDF (inorganic), T4: 50% RDF (inorganic), T5: 75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% vermicompost (organic), T6: 75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% FYM (organic), T7: 50% RDN (inorganic) + 50% vermicompost (organic) and T8: 50% RDN (inorganic) + 50% FYM (organic), which was was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice. The experimental site was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.42), medium in organic carbon (0.52%) and available K2O (155.45kg/ha) and low in available N (235.62 kg/ha) and available P2O5 (20.12 kg/ha) with 40.44% water holding capacity and bulk density of 1.48 Mg/m 3 .The ryegrass variety Makkhan grass was sown as per treatment. Before application of manures in field their nutrient content was preevaluated (Table1) and were applied as per treatment. Total nitrogen (%) 0.60 1.9 2.

Total phosphorus (%) 0.28 0.89 3.

Total potassium (%) 0.58 1.07

Results and Discussion

Effect of INM practices on growth parameters of ryegrass

Influence of INM practices on growth parameters of ryegrass was observed to be equivalent in comparison to inorganic fertilizers alone (Table1). Result revealed that at 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cut, the plant height (39.73cm, 56.43 and 51.2 cm in respectively) significantly increased with the application 100% RDF (T2) which was at par with treatment 75% RDN + 25%VC (T5) and 75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% FYM (T6). Application of treatment T2 resulted significant improvement in plant height to the tune of 56.60, 76.73 and 72.79% at 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd cut, respectively, over the treatment T1 (control). Similarly, the number of tillers/m 2 increased significantly in the same trend at the 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cut with a recorded value of 175. 33, 194.33 and 192.67 which was 54.24, 57.56, and 58.37%, respectively higher, over T1 (control). The treatment T2 also recorded maximum DMA of 4.93g at 1 st cut which gradually increased to 6.03g during 2 nd cut and again declined to 5.87 g during 3 rd cut which was found to be at par with 75% RDN + 25%VC (T5). The 1 st cut had the lowest plant height and the lowest number of tillers among the three cuts, which might be due to the low temperature and insufficient rainfall during that time period. Growth parameters such as tiller numbers and plant height also showed an increasing trend towards the 2 nd cut, which could be attributed to adequate rainfall received during the crop's midvegetative stage, which preceded the 2 nd cut. Furthermore, the number of tillers/m 2 increased in subsequent cuts, which could be attributed to the fact that cutting encourages the development of new shoots (Bora et al., 2019) [11] . However, significant response to growth parameters such as plant height and number of tillers/plant to 100% RDF (inorganic) could be attributed to the use of chemical fertilizers because they become more readily available to the plants immediately after application, especially in terms of major nutrients like N, P, and K, which aided in increasing vegetative growth through increase in protoplasmic constituent that accelerate the process of cell division, expansion, and differentiation, resulting in luxuriant growth. These findings are in conformity with Patidar and Mali (2004) [36] , Kumar et al.

(2004) [29] , and Sheoran and Rana (2005) [41] . Significant improvement DMA could be attributed to the availability of applied nutrients, particularly nitrogen, which plays an important role in photosynthetic activity of leaves, allowing the plants to accumulate more biomass and increase their dry matter content. These findings are in agreement with those of Ayub et al. (2009) [5] and Bhilare et al. (2010) [9] . However, any significant difference was observed in case of leaf stem ratio during all the growth stages. However, no significant variation in leaf: stem ratio was observed under different nutrient treatments in all the cuts. This could be due to proportionate growth of both leaf and stem, irrespective of the treatments. Similar results were reported by Tollenaar et al. (2006) [46] and Biswas et al. (2020) [10] .

Effect of INM practices on yield of ryegrass

Among the yield parameters, the highest green forage yield of 78.21 q/ha, 115.77q/ha and 113.71 q/ha at 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cut, respectively was recorded under treatment T2, which was at par with treatment T5 and T6 respectively (Table2). The treatment T2 recorded an increase of green forage yield by 111.83, 102.67, and 106.22% over treatment T1 (control). Similarly, significantly higher dry matter yield of 15.51q/ha at 1 st cut, 24.14 q/ha at 2 nd cut and 11.63 q/ha at 3 rd cut was recorded under T2, which was at par with treatment T5. The dry matter yield recorded under T2 was increased by 117.22, 107.5, and 109.81% over T1 (control) at the 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cuts, respectively. In case of total dry matter yield, significantly higher total dry matter yield (62.94 q/ha) was obtained under T2 followed by treatment T5, which was at par with treatment T6.The significant increase in forage yield with increase in fertility levels could be attributed to a favorable effect of nutrients on plant root and shoot growth, which has resulted in increased growth parameters such as plant height and tillers/m 2 . The results of present investigation are in close agreement with findings of Kumar et al. (2004) [29] and Sheoran and Rana (2005) [41] . The various organic and inorganic fertilizer combinations produced significantly higher forage yield than the control. The treatment T5 produced the highest green forage and dry matter yield among these combinations with an increases of 109.58, 110.43, and 104.08% for green forage yield and 116.24, 106.27 and 107.56% for dry matter yield at 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cut, respectively, over the treatment T1 (control). This increase in yield can be attributed to the increased values in growth parameters due to the integration of vermicompost and FYM with chemical fertilizers. Godara et al. (2012) [20] obtained similar results in oat, reporting that instead of using organic or inorganic nutrient sources alone, combining both improved the green forage yield.

Quality parameters

The different quality parameters as influenced by INM practices in presented in Table3 &4. From the result it was revealed that the crude protein content progressively reduced with advancement in cutting days and comparatively higher values was observed at 1 st cut (60 DAS) than the 2 nd (90 DAS) or 3 rd cut (120 DAS) (Table 3). Similar trend in crude protein content has also been reported by Tesema et al., 2002; Bayble et al., 2007 [44,8] and, However, among the treatments, T2 recorded significantly higher crude protein content of 9.69%, 9.56% and 9.44% at 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cut respectively which was also at par with treatment T5, T6 and T7 respectively. The use of 100% RDF (inorganic) (T2) resulted in an increase in crude protein content of 24.07, 23.35, and 23.72% as compared to the control (T1) at 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cuts, respectively. Increase in crude protein content in case of integrated treatment i.e T5, T6 and T7 might be due to increased nitrogen concentration that directly resulted in higher crude protein content in the plants. Similar results were obtained by Singh and Singh (2005) [43] and Kumawat and Jat (2005) [30] . Similarly, maximum crude protein yield at 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd cut viz., 1.50 q/ha, 2.31 q/ha and 2.20 q/ha respectively, was recorded under treatment T2, which was statistically at par with treatment T5 and T6. The higher crude protein content and dry matter yield could have resulted in higher crude protein yield in treatment T2. These findings corroborate the finding of Rajkhowa et al. (2000) [37] . The total crude protein yield also increased significantly with nitrogen application. The maximum total crude protein yield was recorded under treatment T2 where 100% RDF which might be due to combined factor of increased protein content and increased dry matter yield that led to overall increase in total crude protein yield. Unlike protein, the crude fibre content of ryegrass decreased significantly with the application of nitrogenous fertilizers (Table 4). Treatment T1 (control) recorded the highest crude fibre content (13.63%,14.08% and 14.32%) at 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cuts, which was at par with treatments T3 and T4. However, significantly higher crude fibre yield of 1.98, 3.18 and 3.09 q/ha at 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd cut, respectively was recorded under treatment T2, which was statistically at par with treatment T5 and T6. The total crude fibre yield was also highest under treatment T2, accounting 96.42% higher than the control. This could be due to a higher proportion of dry matter yield than a decrease in crude fibre content with nitrogen application. Similar findings were reported by Oduntan et al. (2012) [34] and Vajinder and Sharma (2015) [47] . The data presented in Table 4 also revealed that with the addition of nitrogenous fertilizers, the crude fat content of ryegrass increased significantly. Treatment T2 significantly exhibited the highest crude fat content at first, second, and third cut, which was at par with all of the combined organic and inorganic treatments, namely T5, T6, T7, and T8. The application of treatment T2 resulted in an increase in crude fat content by 11.78, 10.9, and 11.76% over control at the 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd cuts, respectively. The higher crude fat content in plants may be due to increased nitrogen application, which increases the chlorophyll content of leaves, resulting in production of more food material through photosynthesis (Dhaliwal et al., 1989) [15] . Similar results were also obtained by Vajinder and Sharma (2015) [47] . This increase in gross return could be attributed to higher productivity, while the increase in net return could be attributed to lower cultivation costs and higher productivity. Another important criterion that determines a treatment's usefulness and acceptance by a grower is its efficiency. Similar to gross and net returns, T2 also recorded the highest benefit cost ratio (2.71) followed by treatment T6 [75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% RDN through FYM (organic)] (2.62), which is due to the higher yield and low cost of cultivation. Hooda et al. (2004) [21] and Kumar (2007) [23] also obtained the higher net returns with the use of recommended dose of fertilizers.

Conclusion

From the present study, it was evident that application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. treatment T2 resulted in the highest plant height, tillers/m 2 , green fodder yield and economic return in case of ryegrass, which was at par with treatment T5 [75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% RDN through vermicompost (organic)] and T6 [75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% RDN through FYM) (organic)]. However, treatment T2 [100% RDF (inorganic)] failed to maintain the soil health, and T5 [75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% RDN through vermicompost (organic)] treatment also provided comparatively low benefit: cost (B: C) ratio, making them less profitable to farmers. Nevertheless, T5 may be recommended to those farmers who are capable of producing vermicompost on their own. Otherwise, application of 75% RDN (inorganic) + 25% RDN through FYM (organic) i.e. T6 may be considered to be the most suitable treatment for ryegrass cultivation in the acid soils of Assam, for achieving a higher B: C ratio while still maintaining the soil health. Because these findings are the result of only one year of analysis, at least two more years of research in these areas may be required to reach a valid conclusion before making recommendations to the farming community.

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