Future scope of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) accommodation under rice-based cropping systems through crop diversification in a changing climate scenario

Introduction

Major regions of Asia, including India, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, and Southeast Asian nations, are dominated by farming systems centred on rice. The production of rice is the primary source of income for millions of smallholder farmers. However, climate unpredictability, groundwater depletion, deteriorating soil fertility, labour shortages, and volatile market pricing are putting increasing strain on these systems' viability. Rice productivity is expected to decline because of rising temperatures, water scarcity, and extreme weather events brought on by climate change. To apply better management practices and produce high-quality seed, Patra (2022) [82] states that farmers should be particularly aware of how temperature, relative humidity, extreme drought, soil salinity, soil temperature, and soil pH respond. Additional management practices, such as defence against diseases spread by seeds (Patra, 2023a) [83,84,85] , defence against the effects of macro and micronutrients (Patra, 2023b) [83,84,85] , preservation of seed vigour and viability (Patra, 2021; 2025a, 2025c, 2025e) [81,86] , and improved seed multiplication techniques (Patra,c; 2025d), are the primary factors affecting seed quality. Several studies (Mandal et al., 2011a; 2011b; Patra et al., 2012, 2013; 2026a, 2026b; Patra., 2017a, 2017b; Patra, S., & Burman, D., 2017; Garai, U., & Patra, S., 2024) [65,66,96,79,80,92,13,95,94] have documented the use of less toxic and organic seed treatments to improve seed quality and crop performance. Increasing traditional and aromatic rice production, quality, and economic viability while maintaining soil health for future generations requires adopting sustainable, balanced nutrient management practices (Patra et al., 2026; In recent years, it has emerged as a "superfood" due to its unique nutritional composition. Chia seeds contain approximately 30-35% oil, of which nearly 60-65% is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an important omega-3 fatty acid. The seeds also contain 18-25% protein, 30-40% dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and various antioxidant compounds (Kundu et al., 2023) [59,64] . The increasing demand for healthy foods and nutraceutical products has created new market opportunities for chia cultivation. In regions where rice is harvested before winter, chia can be grown as a shortduration alternative crop, making efficient use of residual soil moisture and available land resources. The principal aim of this review is a) To assess the potential of chia as an alternative crop in rice-based cropping systems for enhancing crop diversification, improving land-use efficiency, and increasing overall system productivity under varying agro-climatic conditions. b) To evaluate the role of chia cultivation in climateresilient agriculture by examining its adaptability to water scarcity, temperature fluctuations, and other climate changeinduced stresses in rice-growing regions. c) To analyze the agronomic, nutritional, and economic prospects of integrating chia into rice-based farming systems for improving farmer income, resource-use efficiency, and sustainable agricultural development.

Rice-Based cropping systems: significance and difficulties

Rice-based cropping systems are the backbone of food security in many Asian countries, particularly India, where rice is cultivated in rotation with one or more crops throughout the year. Common cropping sequences include rice-wheat, rice-mustard, rice-lentil, rice-vegetables, rice-maize, and rice-chickpea systems (Hedayetullah et al., 2018) [20,21,28,29,30,31,32,35,36,47,48,49,50] . These systems enhance land use efficiency, crop diversification, and farm income while ensuring a continuous supply of food and raw materials. However, their sustainability is increasingly threatened by several challenges. Climate change has led to rising temperatures, delayed monsoons, erratic rainfall patterns, droughts, floods, and heat stress during critical crop growth stages. Resource degradation, including declining groundwater levels, soil nutrient depletion, loss of soil organic carbon, salinity, and waterlogging, further reduces productivity (Burman, 2015) [7] .In this regard, integrated farming through land shaping models in low-lying and salinity-affected areas is suitable for enhancing farm income, especially for the eastern coastal region of India (Mandal et al., 2015) [67] . Additionally, rising production costs, labor shortages, low profitability, and market uncertainties create economic pressure on farmers. Therefore, diversification toward low-input, climateresilient, and high-value crops is essential for sustaining rice-based farming systems.

Crop Diversification as a strategy for climate resilience

India's diverse agro-climatic zones support a wide range of cereal, pulse, and oilseed crops, which are cultivated under various cropping systems to optimize land use, enhance soil fertility, and improve farm income (Hedayetullah et. al., 2025, 2025a, 2025b) [34,40,43,44] . These crops are categorized as major and minor based on area, production, and regional importance. Major cereal crops include rice (Rahaman et al., 2022; Hedayetullah, 2022) [97,17] , wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays) (Kundu et al., 2020) [63] , and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). These are grown predominantly in mono-cropping or rotation systems like ricewheat (Indo-Gangetic Plains), rice-maize, and sorghum-chickpea in semi-arid regions (Hedayetullah et al., 2014a) [37,51,52,53] . Minor cereals such as millets (finger millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet) are gaining attention under nutri-cereal-based diversified systems, especially in rainfed and tribal areas due to their drought tolerance and nutritional value (Hedayetullah and Giri, 2021) [24] . Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) (Giri et al., 2014) [15] , mustard (Brassica juncea) (Hedayetullah et al., 2016) [6] , and soybeans (Glycine max) are important oilseed crops that require less water. These are included into systems such as rice-mustard, groundnutsorghum, and soybean-wheat (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2018) [113, 114, 131, 133, 134, 135] . In dryland areas, minor oilseeds like safflower, linseed, and niger are typically planted as relay or intercrops. Diverse cropping systems that incorporate major and minor cereals, pulses, and oilseeds enhance productivity, guarantee food and nutritional security, and preserve soil health (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2025c; Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2018b) [112,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,113,114,131,133,134,135] . Additionally, this kind of variety helps India achieve sustainable agricultural intensification and increases resistance to climatic variability (Hedayetullah et al., 2014b) [37,51,52,53] . India's cattle industry, which is essential to rural livelihoods and agricultural sustainability, depends heavily on fodder crops (Hedayetullah and Zaman, 2018, 2018a, 2018b, 2018c; Sadhukhan et al., 2018) [29,30,31,32,35,48,49,50,100] . Fodder crops can be roughly divided into main and minor species based on farming systems and agroclimatic conditions (Hedayetullah, 2022) [17] . To guarantee year-round forage supply, including ginger crops, they are included into various farming systems, such as crop-livestock or agroforestry systems (Mukherjee and Hedayetullah, 2018a; Singh et al.,b) [70,71] . Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour), maize (Zea mays), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) (Barik and Hedayetullah, 2018) [3] , oats (Avena sativa) (Hedayetullah and Barik, 2012) [22] , napier-bajra hybrid (Pennisetum glaucum × P. purpureum), and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) are important fodder crops. Because fenugreek has a high biomass production and nutritional value, they are widely grown (Zaman et al., 2018c) [113,114,131,133,134,135] . In northern India, berseem and oats predominate during the rabi season, whereas sorghum, maize, and cowpea are typical during the kharif season. In yearround cut-and-carry systems, particularly in intensive dairy zones, Napier grass and perennial species like Guinea grass are utilised. Senji (Melilotus spp.), Rhodes grass (Hedayetullah and Banerjee, 2018) [21] , lablab (Lablab purpureus), canary grass (Ahmed and Hedayetullah, 2018) [1] , sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea), Deenanath grass (Hedayetullah and Bandopadhyay, 2018) [20] , stylo (Stylosanthes spp.), and silage maize varieties (Hedayetullah and Zaman, 2018; Kundu et al., 2011, Kundu et al., 2015) [29,30,31,32,35,48,49,50,60] are examples of minor fodder crops. These are frequently produced as intercrops in orchards and agroforestry systems, on marginal lands, or in bunds. Due to their drought resistance, lablab, senji, setaria, pangola, Salgom, and stylo are particularly useful in semiarid regions (Hedayetullah et [20,21,28,29,30,31,32,35,36,47,48,49,50] . Fodder crops are either grown as border crops (Johnson and doob grass) in horticulture-based systems or rotated or interplanted with cereals (such as berseem in wheat-rice systems) in integrated cropping systems (Hedayetullah and Zaman, 2018a; Hedayetullah and Zaman, 2018b) [29,30,31,32,35,48,49,50] . In mixed agricultural systems, dualpurpose cereals, such multi-cut sorghum or maize, provide both grain and feed (Mukherjee and Hedayetullah, 2018; Hedayetullah et al., 2018) [70,71,20,21,28,29,30,31,32,35,36,47,48,49,50] . Interplanting millets with fodder legumes improves soil fertility and feed quality (Ahmed and Hedayetullah, 2018) [1] . Hedayetullah and Zaman (2026) [123,124,125,126,127] and Zaman and Hedayetullah (2018, 2019, 2020a, 2020b) claim that carefully integrating major and minor fodder crops into cropping systems boosts feed availability, enhances soil health, and boosts livestock productivity all of which support resilient and sustainable farming systems in India.

Growth, yield attributes, nutritional and medicinal importance of chia

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a short-duration, high-value medicinal crop with good adaptability and promising yield potential under diverse agro-climatic conditions (Hedayetullah et al., 2014) [37,51,52,53] It is recognized globally as a functional food because of its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties (Giri and Hedayetullah, 2020) [14] . Chia seeds contain about 30-35% lipids, with a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health. The seeds also possess 18-25% highquality protein with a balanced amino acid profile and 30-40% dietary fiber comprising both soluble and insoluble fractions. They are rich sources of essential minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, iron, and zinc. In addition, chia contains valuable antioxidants, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol, which help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. These nutritional attributes make chia an important crop for improving human health, nutritional security, and the development of functional food products, as meet by others food crops which are grown in winter and summer season (Garai and Patra, 2024; Zaman et al., 2018, 2026, 2026a, 2026b, 2026c) [13,113,114,131,133,134,135] . Due to its high content of omega (ω)-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), chia seeds are a popular oil product. Long-chain FAs that are members of the omega-3 and omega-6 categories are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linolenic acid (LA), respectively. LA and ALA are precursors of long-chain FA and are necessary for preserving the integrity of cell membranes (Mann and Truswell, 2007) [68] . Chia, which was formerly a staple diet for indigenous people in Guatemala and Mexico, is now cultivated and sold for its antioxidant and omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content. It is now grown not just in America but also in Australia and Southeast Asia (Jamboonsri et al., 2012) [56] . The traits and attributes were found to be influenced by the planting date, row spacing, and intrarow spacing. Plant spacing and the number of plants per hectare must be calculated while taking competition for light, water, and nutrients into account (Karim et al., 2015; Yeboah et al., 2014) [57,108] . One of the most important factors influencing chia seed productivity when planting in a new climate is the timing of planting (Fig 4). Kundu et al. (2023) [59] found that planting technique and density affected chia (Salvia hispanica) growth and yield variation (Fig. 3).

Climate resilience of chia

Chia is seen as an alternative crop for both preserving food security and reducing the effects of climate change due to its greater adaptation to a variety of agroclimatic settings (Herman et al. 2016) [54] . Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) has several traits that make it a viable crop in climate-changing environments where other crops would fail or experience severe production losses (Hedayetullah et al., 2014, 2018) [37,51,52,53] . During times of moisture stress, its deep and well-developed root system allows for the effective extraction of water from deeper soil layers, offering significant drought tolerance. Chia needs comparatively less irrigation than many traditional oilseed crops, which makes it appropriate for regions with limited water resources and rice fields. According to Singh et al. (2014) [104,105,106] , 2014a, 2014b, 2025), food crops can thrive in a variety of soil. Chia may be grown in organic and sustainable agricultural systems since it requires less fertilizer and typically requires less pesticide treatments. It is a perfect climate-smart crop for diverse rice-based production systems, such as rice chickpeas in different sowing windows, because it also exhibits efficient resource utilization through increased water productivity, improved nutrient use efficiency, and effective exploitation of residual soil moisture (Seth et al., 2020) [102] . Particularly in areas with large amounts of rice fallow land, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) has a great deal of potential for integration into rice-based cropping systems (Hedayetullah, M. 2023) [18,25] . Due to a lack of irrigation facilities, large areas remain uncultivated following rice harvest. Chia can make good use of these fallows by growing on saved residual soil moisture, which lowers irrigation expenditures (Hedayetullah et al., 2018e) [20,21,28,29,30,31,32,35,36,47,48,49,50] . Chia also contributes to the diversification of continuous rice monoculture, which frequently results in pest accumulation, soil deterioration, and ecological imbalance. Chia can increase farm profitability, diversify crops, and enhance resource efficiency. Additionally, chia can be successfully included into a variety of cropping sequences, including rice-chia-vegetables, rice-chia-green manure, rice-chiasesame, and ricepulse-chia systems. More resilience against climate unpredictability, improved land use, and sustainable agriculture are all supported by such diverse production strategies.

Suitability for dirty soil, organic farming, and natural environments

Due to its minimal input requirements and flexibility to sustainable agricultural practices, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is regarded as a highly ideal crop for natural and organic farming systems (Zaman and Hedayetullah 2026d; Hedayetullah and Patra, 2026) [123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,132,45,46] . The crop is an environmentally benign choice for crop diversification in ricebased agricultural systems since it can be grown with less reliance on chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Because of its mild nutrient requirements, organic manures, compost, vermicompost, and other biofertilizers can be used effectively to maintain soil fertility and increase beneficial microbial activity. Compared to many traditional field crops, chia has a comparatively reduced incidence of major insect pests and diseases. It can also be cultivated like other crops in nurtural and organic farming conditions (Hedayetullah et al., 2014a, 2014b, 2026) [37,51,52,53] . This feature encourages the use of environmentally friendly pest management techniques based on botanical extracts, biological control agents, and integrated pest management techniques and lessens the need for chemical plant protection measures. According to Hedayetullah and Kundu (2013, 2021) and Basu et al. (2015) [5] , this compatibility with natural farming principles helps to increase soil health, conserve biodiversity, and reduce environmental pollution. Water from shallow tube wells and ponds in West Bengal, which are necessary for life-saving light irrigation in the winter and other seasons, has been shown to be contaminated with arsenic (Hedayetullah et al., 2011, 2024, 2025) [39] . Winter adaptation of chia requires life-saving irrigation, and there may be a risk of arsenic contamination. There is now a premium market for organic chia seeds due to the growing demand for functional foods made in an organic manner worldwide. Customers are becoming more prepared to pay more for goods made using ecological practices and devoid of chemical residues. Thus, including chia into natural and organic farming systems can support climateresilient and environmentally sustainable agriculture while giving farmers more revenue options (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2026d, 2506e, 2026f, 2026g) [123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,132] . Its inclusion in rice-based crop diversification programs may contribute significantly to long-term agricultural sustainability, nutritional security, and the development of highvalue organic supply chains.

Techniques for controlling weeds and water in a rice-based cropping system

In rice-based cropping systems, weed control techniques have been implemented in both cropped and non-cropped regions (Dolai et [11,6,10] . The key component of weed control in rice fallow is the use of broad spectrum techniques under the rice chickpea sequence (Kundu et al., 2018, 2020; Hedayetullah, and Giri, 2021; Hedayetullah, and Kumar 2023, Kumar et al., 2025) [62, 24, 25] . Rice, chia, and its methods for controlling weeds could be cost-effective. According to Hedayetullah et al. (2012, 2024), irrigation frequency and optimal water utilization are costeffective and advantageous in terms of crop and water productivity. Weed infestation is more common in heavy soil than in light soil because there is always enough moisture (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2022, Mudi et al., 2026) [111] .

Research Themes

It takes extensive and interdisciplinary research efforts to successfully accommodate chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in ricebased cropping systems under changing climatic circumstances. Even though chia has shown promise as a high-value, climateresilient crop, a number of scientific and technological issues need to be resolved before farmers can use it extensively. To increase productivity, profitability, and sustainability, future research should concentrate on crop development, agronomic management, cropping system optimization, climate resilience, and mechanization. The creation of early maturing varieties should be given top attention in the field of plant breeding, especially for their integration into rice-based systems where there is sometimes little time for growth following rice harvest (Sengupta & Hedayetullah, 2018Farmers can incorporate chia into current cropping sequences without impacting future crops thanks to short-duration cultivars that enable timely seeding and harvesting. The creation of cultivars that are insensitive to photoperiod is another crucial goal. The sensitivity of several current chia genotypes to day duration limits their production in a variety of agroclimatic locations. Therefore, breeding efforts should concentrate on creating cultivars that can function reliably in a range of latitudes and sowing windows (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2025e, 2025f, 2025g,h) [112,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] . Increasing the crop's economic viability will also need the creation of high-yielding lines with better seed quality, increased omega-3 fatty acid content, and increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. To fully realize the potential of chia cultivation, agronomic study is equally crucial. To maximize development and seed output while avoiding unfavorable weather during crucial growth stages, research is required to determine the best sowing dates under various agroclimatic situations. By establishing the proper dosages and timing of macro-and micronutrient application, including the incorporation of organic manures and biofertilizers, scientific nutrient management techniques should be standardized (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2026, 2506a,b,c) [123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,132] . To increase water-use efficiency, research should also concentrate on irrigation timing, especially in rice-fallow regions with scarce irrigation resources. Promoting chia as a climatesmart crop will need the development of water-saving farming techniques. The compatibility of chia with current rice-based agricultural systems should be assessed in cropping system research. To evaluate the effects of rice-chia rotations on soil fertility, insect and disease dynamics, resource use efficiency, and overall system productivity, long-term studies are required. To enhance soil health and environmental sustainability, chia should be used into conservation agriculture techniques such crop rotation, residue retention, and limited tillage (Zaman et al.,d). Additionally, intercropping models that combine chia with vegetables, oilseeds, or pulses may offer more chances for risk mitigation and revenue diversification; these systems need to be thoroughly assessed. Climate-related research should focus on improving the resilience of chia to future environmental challenges. The identification and development of heat-tolerant and droughttolerant genotypes will help sustain production under rising temperatures and increasing water scarcity. Studies should also investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with stress adaptation. In addition, comprehensive carbon footprint assessments of ricechia cropping systems are necessary to evaluate their contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation and sustainable agricultural development (Zaman and Hedayetullah, 2025, 2025a, 2025b, 2025c, 2025d) [112,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] . Another crucial area that needs attention is mechanisation, especially for large-scale farming. Plant establishment can be enhanced and seed waste can be decreased with the invention of precision sowing tools appropriate for the tiny size of chia seeds. Technologies for mechanical harvesting should be developed to minimise labour needs and harvest losses. To preserve seed quality and satisfy national and international market standards, effective technology for cleaning, grading, and processing seeds are also crucial. In order to establish chia as a viable and sustainable part of ricebased crop diversification plans in the changing climatic scenario, future research should take an integrated approach that combines breeding, agronomy, climate science, mechanisation, and socioeconomic analysis. (Zaman and others, 2018a) [113,114,131,133,134,135] .

Future Scope under the Changing Climate Scenario

Agricultural systems need to implement robust and varied cropping techniques in light of the changing climate. Because of its low water requirements, capacity to thrive in rice fallow areas, and effective utilization of leftover soil moisture, chia has enormous potential for the future (Hussain et al., 2024) [55] . It can increase climate resilience, boost nutritional security, and increase farm profitability. Chia is also a good fit for organic and natural agricultural systems, encourages crop variety, and supports sustainable intensification. Its growing domestic and export demand further increases its economic importance. In eastern India, particularly the New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, chia can become an attractive winter crop after kharif rice, provided suitable varieties and agronomic packages are developed. The integration of chia with rice-based systems can contribute significantly to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially those related to food security, nutrition, climate action, and sustainable agriculture.

Conclusion

Rice-based farming systems are under enormous pressure from resource depletion, climate change, and declining profitability. Because of its exceptional nutritional value, drought tolerance, low input requirements, and growing market demand, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a good alternative for diversification. Incorporating chia into rice-based cropping systems can boost farmer income, utilize rice fallow areas, improve nutritional security, and increase resource efficiency. Its compatibility with natural farming, conservation agriculture, and organic production systems enhances its long-term sustainability even more. For adoption to be effective, however, coordinated efforts in varietal improvement, agronomic research, high-quality seed production, mechanisation, market growth, and supporting government laws are required. Future research should focus on developing regionally specific production methods and evaluating the longterm economic and ecological impacts of rice-chia systems.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementThe Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Kalyani and Param Nath Bhaduri Crop Research & Seed Multiplication Farm, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India, are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

References

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33. Hedayetullah M, Akhtar J, Kumar N. Impact of frontline demonstration on yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rice-fallow condition of West Bengal. Journal of Food Legumes. 2025;38(1):141146.https://DOI.org/10.59797/jfl.v38i1.1569
34. Hedayetullah M, Bhattacharya B, Zaman P. Anjan grass (African foxtail grass). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, eds. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. CRC Press; 2018:55-64. https://DOI.org/10.1201/9781351167284/foragecropsworld-volume-ii-minor-forage-crops-md-hedayetullahparveen-zaman
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36. Hedayetullah M, Kundu CK, Islam S. Climate change threatens food crops across the world: An overview. In: Datta M, Daschaudhuri D, eds. Climatic Variability: Impacts on Agriculture and Allied Sector. New India Publishing House; 2014.
37. Hedayetullah M, Kundu CK, Akhtar J, Hussain SS, Das S, Datta MK, et al. Actual evapotranspiration, water expense efficiency and grain yield of chickpea under varying irrigation regimes. Legume Research. 2024.https://DOI.org/10.18805/LR-5378
38. Hedayetullah M, Kundu CK, Basu B, Sarkar S. Effect of sources of irrigation water on growth and arsenic content in different fodder crops. Journal of Crop and Weed Science. 2011;7(2):244246.https://www.cropandweed.com/archives/2011/vol7issue 2/57.pdf
39. Hedayetullah M, Kundu CK, Devi NM, Das S, Tamang D. Deficit irrigation and source of water: Possible mitigation option of arsenic load in fodder maize and cowpea in Lower Gangetic Plain Zone of West Bengal, India. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2025;15(4):477487.https://DOI.org/10.9734/ijecc/2025/v15i44825
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42. Hedayetullah M, Mandal L, Mandal B. Bio-efficacy of different post emergence herbicides for broad spectrum weed management in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in IndoGangetic Plain Zone of West Bengal. International Journal of Bioresource Science. 2025a;12(2):225231.https://DOI.org/10.30954/2347-9655.02.2025.9
43. Hedayetullah M, Mondal SI, Roy S, Giri U, Saha A, Patra S, et al. Crop diversification for nutrient, water, and stress management in Indian agriculture. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology. 2025b;28(6):355365.https://DOI.org/10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i62400
44. Hedayetullah M, Patra S, Dolai AK, Hembram AK, De S, Mandal SI, et al. Comparative performance of traditional aromatic rice under organic and inorganic systems in West Bengal, India. Archives of Current Research International. 2026d;26(5):286296.https://DOI.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i51892
45. Hedayetullah M, Patra S, Rahaman A, Mudi G, Roy S, Hussain SS, et al. Comparative analysis of natural and inorganic farming systems in India: Implications for crop diversity, sustainability, and productivity. International Journal of Research in Agronomy. 2026a;9(5S):413425.https://DOI.org/10.33545/2618060X.2026.v9.i5Se.5608
46. Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, Sadhukhan R. Senji (Sweet clover). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, editors. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2018. p. 131-138. ISBN: 978-1-77188-685-7. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9781351 167284/forage-crops-world-volume-ii-minor-forage-cropsmd-hedayetullah-parveen-zaman
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50. Herman S, Marco G, Cecilia B, Alfonso V, Luis M, Cristian V, et al. Effect of water availability on growth, water use efficiency and omega 3 (ALA) content in two phenotypes of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) established in the arid Mediterranean zone of Chile. Agricultural Water Management. 2016;173:67-75.
51. Hussain SS, Ganie AA, Dar WA, Wani TA, Hedayetullah M, Baba JA, et al. The role of digital soil mapping in soil survey and agricultural planning. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. 2024;36(9):438449.https://DOI.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i94993
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58. Kundu CK, Kundu A, Das Bairagya M, Labar A, Hedayetullah M, Pal S. Comparative studies on bio-efficacy and phytotoxicity of 2,4-D Ethyl Hexyl Ester 60% EC in sugarcane. Multilogic in Science. 2018;28(8):134138.https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?
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79. Patra S. A review on management of seed borne diseases through seed multiplication strategies. Biological Forum -An International Journal. 2023;15(1):377382.https://www.researchtrend.net/bfij/bfij.php
80. Patra S. Review an investigation of the effects of macro and micro nutrients on the production of high quality seed. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences. 2023;15(2):1621.https://www.researchtrend.net/ijtas/ijtas.php
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89. Patra S, Hedayetullah M, Dolai A, De S, Hembram A, Mondal SI. A holistic overview of research on the impact of farming techniques and processing steps on the nutritional quality of food crops. International Journal of Agriculture and Nutrition. 2026;8(4):4651.https://DOI.org/10.33545/26646064.2026.v8.i4a.438
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93. Rahaman M, Murmu K, Khandakar J, Bordolui SK, Hedayetullah M. Crop productivity and soil health in relation to the microbial population as influenced by different organic biostimulants in summer rice cultivation. ORYZA -An International Journal of Rice. 2022;59(2):194204.https://DOI.org/10.35709/ory.2022.59.2.9
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96. Sadhukhan R, Hedayetullah M, Zaman P. Grass pea (Indian vetch). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, eds. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. CRC Press; 2018. p 7790.https://DOI.org/10.1201/9781351167284-16/grasspeaindian-vetch-raghunath-sadhukhan-md-hedayetullahparveen-zaman
97. Sengupta K, Hedayetullah M. Urad bean (Black gram). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, eds. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. CRC Press; 2018. p 155168.https://appleacademicpress.com/forage-crops-of-theworldvolume-ii-minor-forage-crops/9781771886857
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99. Singh AP, Majumdar S, Kumar GV, Emam W, Tashkandy Y, Hedayetullah M, et al. Evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes for genetic variability and mechanization potential under Gangetic plains. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2025;35(1).https://DOI.org/10.36899/JAPS.2025.1.0017
100. Singh V, Hedayetullah M, Meher J, Jena BK. Non thermal methods of food processing after harvesting: An introduction. Journal of Interacademicia. 2014;18(3):499506. 105. 105. Singh V, Hedayetullah M, Meher J, Sahoo SR, Panda MK. Effect of slice thickness on recovery of ginger oil from dry ginger. Environment & Ecology. 2014;33(3A):926-929.
101. Singh V, Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, Meher J. Postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables: An overview. Journal of Post Harvest and Technology. 2014;2(2):124-135.
102. Ullah R, Nadeem M, Khalique A, Imran M, Mehmood S, et al. Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2016;53(4):1750-1758.
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104. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Farming Systems and Sustainable Agriculture. Agrotech Publishing Academy; 2020.https://agrotechbooks.com/product/farming-systemand-sustainable-agriculture/
105. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Water Resource Development and Management. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 2022.https://DOI.org/10.1201/9781003180494
106. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Bio-remediation of arsenic problem for sustainable agriculture. In: Zaman A, Maitra S, eds. Cutting Edge Technology for Agricultural Sustainability. New India Publishing Agency; 2018. p.139148.
107. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Agricultural sustainability for crop production. In: Zaman A, Maitra S, eds. Cutting Edge Technology for Agricultural Sustainability. New India Publishing Agency; 2018. p.247263.https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Cutting\_Edge\_ Technology\_For\_Agricultural.ht
108. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Farming Based Livelihood System. New India Publishing Agency; 2025.
109. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Deeksharambh (Induction-cumFoundation Course). New Delhi Publishers; 2025.
110. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Management of Natural Resources. Asha Book Publishers; 2025.
111. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Compendium of Agronomy. Asha Book Publishers; 2025.
112. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Crop Production Technology -I (Kharif Crops). Narendra Publishing House; 2025.https://www.nphindia.com/book/9789356515802/crop -production-technology-i-kharifcrops
113. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Agri-Business Management (Theory and Practice). Asha Book Publishers; 2025.
114. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Agricultural Journalism (Theory and Practices with MCQs). Asha Book Publishers; 2025.
115. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Text Book of Horticulture (Theory and Practices with MCQs). Asha Book Publishers; 2026.
116. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. The Question Bank Series: Farming Based Livelihood System. Content Vives; 2026.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390932474\ _Farming\_Based\_Livelihood\_Syst
117. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Farming Based Livelihood System (Theory and Practice). New Delhi Publishers; 2026.https://www.ndpublisher.in/files/1775197913Farming %20Based%20Livelihood%20Sy
118. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Principles and Practices of Organic Farming and Conservation Agriculture. Asha Book Publishers; 2026.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/404445661\ _Principles\_And\_Practices\_of\_Or
119. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M. Ornamental Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) and Landscaping. Asha Book Publishers; 2026.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/404500829\ _Ornamental\_Crops\_Medicinal\_a
120. Zaman A, Firdous S, Hedayetullah M. Fundamentals of Soil Science (Theory and Practical). Bhavya Books; 2026.
121. Zaman A, Hedayetullah M, Zaman P. Watershed management for agricultural sustainability. In: Zaman A, Maitra S, editors. Cutting Edge Technology for Agricultural Sustainability. New India Publishing Agency; 2018. p. 305311.https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Cutting\_Edge\_ Technology\_For\_Agricultural.ht
122. Zaman A, Hoque M, Hedayetullah M. Livestock and Poultry Management (Theory and Practice). New Delhi Publishers; 2026.
123. Zaman P, Hedayetullah M. Moth bean (Dew bean). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, editors. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. CRC Press; 2018. p. 91100.https://DOI.org/10.1201/9781351167284/
124. Zaman P, Hedayetullah M. Turnip (Salgam). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, editors. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. CRC Press; 2018. p. 207214.https://DOI.org/10.1201/9781351167284/
125. Zaman P, Hedayetullah M, Sengupta K. Fenugreek (Greek clover). In: Hedayetullah M, Zaman P, editors. Forages of the World: Minor Forage Crops. CRC Press; 2018. p. 121130.https://DOI.org/10.1201/978135116728419/fenugreekgreek-clover-parveen-zaman-md-hedayetullahkajal-sengupta