Screening of germplasm on mungbean against pod borer complex

Introduction

Pulses, often known as "poor man's meat" and "rich man's vegetable," are major sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals and contribute significantly to the country's nutritional security. They are most popular in underdeveloped nations, but they are gradually being acknowledged as an important part of a balanced diet around the globe. Pulses, together with food grains and oilseeds, are key components of the Indian agricultural economy in terms of area, output, and economic value. The General Assembly of the United Nations has recognized pulses as an essential source of protein and apart of improving nutrition globally and declared 2016 as "The International Year of Pulses". The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been nominated to proclaim a year for pulses, often known as legume. Moong may be used as cattle fodder, and the seed husk can be soaked in water and used as well. These crops are grown in India throughout three separate seasons: Kharif, Rabi, and summer. Summer moong can be planted after pea, gram, potato, mustard, and linseed have been harvested. Plants are occasionally trimmed and ploughed into the soil to add nitrogen to the soil. Moong is used in a variety of forms in the home, including as whole grains, sprouted form, and dal. It is also grown as a green manure crop. It's a short-season crop that's droughtresistant and ideal for dry-land farming, and commonly employed in crop rotation (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, 2017). Mungbean is preyed upon by a variety of insect pests. Insect pests that attack the mungbean plant can be categorized based on how they arrive in the field, which is linked to the phenology of the plant. Stem feeders, foliage feeders, pod feeders, and storage pests are the four types. This classification is useful for determining the economic importance of pests, particularly their impact on seed yield, as well as developing control strategies. Different insect pests attack mungbean, but sucking insect pests (aphids, jassids, leaf hoppers, and whiteflies) are the most common.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was carried out during Kharif 2023-2024 at the Research and Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya in Raipur (C.G.), by growing a total of 62 mungbean germplasm in RBD design with 2 replications. The crop was sown on 27 th july during Kharif 2023; maintaining a row to row and plant to plant spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm, respectively. The observations were recorded as (i) Pod damage (%), percent pods damaged were separated on the basis of shape and size of the hole of different pod borers in 100 randomly collected pods from each plot at the time of harvest and the nature of damage of Helicoverpa armigera is large round and regular holes on the pods while Maruca vitrata cause irregular scrapping and holes on the pods. (ii) Yield Parameters: Grain yield was recorded at the time of harvest. Afterward, the total number of pods and the number of damaged pods by pod borers on each demarcated plant were counted and converted into percentage. The percentage of pod damaged and grain yield Kg/ ha were estimated with the help of following formula:

Statistical analysis

The data obtained were statistically analyzed after using the appropriate transformation. Data obtained from the population complex of pod borer larvae were converted to a square root transformation; Using the formula (√x + 0.5), data on pod and grain damage from plants were first collected and then converted to percentage. Percentage data were processed under the sin -1 arcsine transform (√x/100) before statistical analysis. Then these transformed data were analyzed using the analysis variance method described by Gómez and 18 Gómez (1984). The "F" test was used at a 5 percent level of significance. The following formulae were used for standard error, critical difference and coefficient of variance estimations:

Results and Discussion

Screening of germplasm on mungbean against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) The incidence of insect pest was assessed in the percentage pod damage at the harvesting stage of the crop. Germplasm differed significantly in terms of percent pod damage, which ranged from 0.50 to 10.50 percent. Among the tested germplasm, the minimum pod damage by H. armigera was observed in germplasm OBGG110 with 0.50 percent, which was at par with LGG 460 and PM 1711 with 1.00 percent and IPM 1603-3, IPM 20-1, MH 1830, ML 2506, ML 818, SML 2015 with 1.5 percent pod damage, respectively whereas the maximum pod damage was observed in germplasm BCM 20-5 with 10.50 percent (Table 1). Our findings are similar with the findings of Yadav et al., (2021), who estimated the minimal percentages of pod infestations by H. armigera in the four genotypes KU-99-05, Azad Urd-1, Shekhar-2, and PU-6 were noticed 5.83, 6.17, 8.50, and 9.83 percent, respectively. Kol et al., (2022) [3] tested seventy-six germplasm during kharif and the minimum pod damage percent was 0.5 in OBGG 109 and maximum was 10.5 in BCM 20-9. Similar to this, Banu et al. (2007) found fifteen germplasm lines for resistance to H. armigera and discovered that ICPL-13201 had the lowest pod damage (25%) and greatest yield (60.35 g/plant), followed by ICPL-13028 (28%) and ICPL-11964 (29%).

Screening of germplasm on mungbean against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer)

The insect pest incidence was observed in terms of percent pod damage at the harvesting stage of the crop. The germplasm showed significant differences with each other for percent pod damage, which varied from 1.00 percent to 13.00 percent. Among the tested germplasm, the minimum pod damage by M. vitrata was observed in germplasm BM-4 with 1.00 percent, which was at par with ML 2500 at 1.00 percent pod damage, MH 1142 with 2.5 percent pod damage, BCM 18-1, IPM 1604-1, IPMD 1603-7, Kopergoan at 2.5 percent pod damage, respectively. Whereas the maximum pod damage was observed in OBGG 107 with 13.00 percent (Table 1). Our findings are also in agreement with the findings of Singh and Singh (2014) who tested the 30 mungbean genotypes against Maruca vitrata, in which RVSm-11-92 had the least pod damage, followed by PM-306-6, IEM 2K-15 4, MH-805, BM-4, DGGS-4, and BM-2002-2. Kol et al., (2022) [3] tested seventy-six germplam of Mungbean and she was found that the minimum pod damaged by M. vitrata was 1.00 percent in BM-4 and maximum 14.00 percent in OBGG104. Similarly, Sandhya Rani et al. (2014) [1] found the preference of M. vitrata in five genotypes, where KM-9-128, KM-9-136, RMG-492, LGG-527, and LGG-538 were found to be tolerant, while the susceptibility of the other twenty-one genotypes ranged from 12.59 percent (MGG-332) to 20.0 percent (IPM-02-03 and LGG-522) and thirteen genotypes were highly susceptible ranging from 43.25 percent (KM-8-662). The others were extremely vulnerable, with a range of 20.21 (UPM-99-3) to 40.0 (KM-2241) percent. Srivastava and Singh (2017) [6] also observed that, KM 2348 (19.26%) had the highest proportion of pod damage by M. vitrata, followed by BM 2012-9 (16.51%), AKM 12-17 (16.40%), PM 4 (15.06%) and IPM 312-20 (15.06%). Based on percent pod damage and the Pest Susceptibility Rating (PSR) score, VGG 10-008 was shown to be the genotype that was least susceptible to the spotted pod borer. (2014) [1] reported that, the five genotypes, KM-9-128 (3.5%), KM-9-136 (5.8%), RMG-492 (8.34%), LGG-527 (9.5%) and LGG-538 (10.0%) were found as tolerant and twenty one genotypes showed susceptibility with a range from 12.59 (MGG-332) to 20.0 (IPM-02-03 and LGG-522) percent and 13 genotypes were highly susceptible with a range from 43.

Grain Yield

The grain yield of various mungbean genotypes ranged from 812.50 kg/ha to 1225.00 kg/ha. The genotype KM 2241 was produced the highest grain yield as 1225.00 kg/ha, followed by genotype RMG 1188 as 1145.00 kg/ha. Whereas genotype T-44 was produced the lowest grain yield as 812.50 kg/ha, followed by genotype Pusa vishal as 860.00 kg/ha (Table 2). The present findings are in agreement with the findings of Srivastava and Singh (2017) [6] who discovered that the lowest grain yield was from KM 2348 (416 kg/ha), as compared to check cultivar, HUM-12 (590 kg/ha), and that the maximum grain yield was recorded from VGG 10-008 (819 kg/ha), which was substantially different from other genotypes. Singh and Singh (2014) also observed that AKM-4 had the highest yield, which was then followed by KM-2293, AKM-09-2, IPM-3066, and ML-1628. Similarly, Kol et al., (2022) [3] , who reported that the maximum grain yield was obtained by the germplasm KM 2241 (1343.34 kg/ha), followed by MH 1142 (1260.00 kg/ha). In contrast, genotype IPM 1604-1 has the lowest grain yield (730.00 kg/ha), followed by germplasm IPM 20-2 (890.00 kg/ha).

Conclusion

The 62 Germplasm of Mungbean were screened against pod borer complex. Pod borers, Helicoverpa armigera and Maruca vitrata, had the least influence on the germplasms OBGG 110 and BM 4 in terms of percent pod damage. The highest grain yield was produced by the genotype KM 2241, while the lowest grain yield was recorded by the germplasm T 44. Among the 62 mungbean germplasm screened 9 germplasm were categorized under moderately resistant category followed by 21 germplasm under tolerant category, 27 germplasm were categorized under equal to check and 5 germplasm under moderately susceptible category. No germplasm was found to be under immune, highly resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible category.

References

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