Review on: Genetic insights into lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud): Traditional uses to modern applications

Introduction

Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly called by lemongrass, is a tropical herb that is widely cultivated for both culinary and medical purposes. Cymbopogon (Poaceae family). This genus, which has between 102 and 104 species worldwide, is found in tropical and subtropical climates due to the variety of uses they have in the agriculture, culinary, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Large-scale cultivation of Cymbopogon grasses is common, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (Akhila, 2010) [6] . It is native to Southeast Asia and is characterised by a distinctive blend of lemon and grassy overtones in both flavor and fragrance. It has a strong citrus aroma because to the high concentration of the aldehyde citral, which has two geometric isomers, geranial (citral a) and neral (citral b). In most cases, one isomer cannot exist without the other. In addition to citral, Cymbopogon species' essential oils also include trace amounts of geraniol, geranyl acetate, and mono terpene olefins like limonene and myrcene (in C. flexuosus and C. citratus, respectively) (Weiss, 1997) [92] . The most prized Cymbopogon species in terms of producing essential oils and having desirable phytochemical and pharmacological qualities are Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon citratus. (Akhila, 2010) [6] . The tall, slender lemongrass plant can reach a height of 6 feet (1.8 meters), and its long, narrow, and green leaves resemble grass blades. The leaves have a saw-like edge and grow in clusters. The plant's bulbous base is frequently light or pale green in color. Lemongrass is well known for its powerful lemony scent, which is invigorating, zesty, and just a little bit sweet. When the leaves are chopped or crushed, the aroma is produced, making it a popular choice for aromatherapy.

Lemongrass is a common component in the cuisine of many Southeast Asian nations, including Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and some regions of China and India. Lemongrass has historically been employed in herbal medicine due to its possible health advantages. Antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities are thought to exist in it. Lemongrass tea, which has relaxing and digestive benefits, is frequently made with it. The plant's essential oil, which has uplifting and stress-relieving properties, is extracted and utilized in aromatherapy. Due to its attractive aroma and potential skin advantages, it is often utilized in massage oils and skincare products. Lemongrass thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with well-drained soil and plenty of sunlight.

Chemical Evaluation of Lemongrass essential oil

The chemical makeup of the essential oils of several Cymbopogon species and its various plant portions have been widely researched. Geraniol and geranyl acetate are the two main components of C. flexuosus oil extracted from the leaves. During the growth of leaves, the ratio of geraniol and geranyl acetate changes noticeably. At day 10 following leaf emergence, the essential oil contained 59% and 33%, respectively, of geraniol and geranyl acetate. However, throughout the time of leaf growth from days 10 to 50, the amount of GA decreased from 59 to 3% while the level of G increased from 33 to 91%. (Wannissorn et al. 1996) [91] [46,10] . Table 1 is a list of the chemical components of the lemon grass plant. From a structural perspective, lemon grass is a hydrocarbon mostly made up of carbon and oxygen. Table 1 also lists the elemental makeup of lemongrass (ash excluded). Whereas hemicellulose is mostly composed of amorphous parts interspersed with crystalline sections, cellulose is a three-dimensional linear molecular structure that comprises both crystalline and amorphous regions. The degree of polymerization, which can range from 100 to 10,000 for cellulose and less than 200 for hemicellulose, is another fundamental distinction between cellulose and hemicellulose (Yang 2008) [93] . Cellulosic components are bound together by lignin, an amorphous heterogeneous three-dimensional nonlinear polymer (Bajpai 2016) [9] . 1,4 b-gluco-pyranose units make up cellulose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose subunits make up hemicellulose, and p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl units make up the majority of lignin (Pierson et al. 2013) [72] . Figure 3 displays the architectures of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, the oil content of lemongrass varies according to its genetic makeup, growing environment, culture, and agronomic practices. Typically, 1-2 percent of the entire dry weight is recovered as essential oil (EO) (Carlson et al. 2001) [18] . Nonetheless, the composition may change depending on the drying process. Compared to sunor shade-drying techniques, oven-drying leaves can yield more essential oil (EO); however, oil obtained through shade-drying has a higher citral concentration, which is used to determine the oil's quality (Hanaa et al. 2012) [38] Chemical constituents Amount % Elemnets Amount % (excluding ash) [10,55] According to Sarer et al. (1983 [96] ; Rauber et al. 2005) [76] , citral is primarily composed of two stereo-isomeric monoterpene aldehydes: neral and geranial, or trans-citral and ciscitral. Citral makes up more than 45% of lemongrass oil on average, however species-to-species variations may be significant. Citral content in East Indian lemongrass (C. citratus) typically ranges from 30 to 94% (Moore-Neibel et al. 2012) [61] . According to reports, the composition of EO also includes several hydrocarbons, including terpenes, alcohols, ketones, and esters (Abegaz et al. 1983; Evans 2009) [2,28] . Along with flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenols, tannins, and saponins, C. citratus is also rich in phytochemicals. Furthermore, a number of studies have shown trace amounts of myrcene, elemicin, nerol, geraniol, borneol, citronellol, limonene, a-terpineol catechol, luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, glycosides, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and geranyl acetate, in addition to methyl heptenone, isovaleric aldehyde, fumesol, L-linalool, furfurol, isopulegol, decyclic aldehyde, p-coumaric acid, and terpinene (Akhila 2010) [6] . Further investigations have shown that phytochemicals such isoscoparin, orientin, and swertiajaponin are present in lemongrass (Cheel et al. 2005; Bharti et al. 2013b) [20,13] .

According to Saleem et al.'s studies, the amount of major constituents of lemongrass EO is shown in Fig. 4. This indicates that trans-citral (geranial) and cis-citral (neral) are more prevalent, while nerol, geraniol, citronellol, terpinolene, geranyl acetate, myrcene, and other components are more reduced (Saleem et al. 2003a, b) [81,82] . Lemongrass has a wide range of applications due to scientific research showing its effectiveness as an antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-protozoal agent (Kishore et al. 1993; Mishra and Dubey 1994 [60] ; Wannissorn et al. 1996) [49,91] . Several research have also demonstrated lemongrass's anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties (Viana et

The Bioactive Substances in Lemon Grass and its oil

There are already a plethora of ethnopharmacological uses for lemon grass. Its ability to restore health may be attributed to the variety of secondary metabolites it generates. Fats, proteins, carbs, fiber, minerals, and a number of other beneficial substances were found in the grass, according to an analysis (Table 1-3). These fall into several types, including tannins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavanoids. Lemon grass has also been reported to contain anthraquinones, steroids, phlobotannins, and cardiac glycosides. [74] [74] trans-(-)-Carveol 32.

Germacrene-D Source: Ranade and Thiagarajan 2015 [74] [97,98] Anti-diabetic Essential oil Souza et al. 1991 [97] Anti-carcinogenic Essential oil, flavonoids Bone and Mills 2013 [98] Anti-inflammatory Essential oil, tannins, saponins, flavonoids Bone and Mills 2013 [98] Anti-microbial Essential oil, tannins, flavonoids Kishore et al 1993 [50] , Mishra and Dubet 1994 [61] and Bone and Mills 2013 [98] Anti-nociceptive Essential oil Lorenzetti et al. 1991 [97] Antioxidant Essential oil, tannin, vitamins, flavonoids, phenols Bone and Mills 2013 [98] Antipyretic Flavonoids, alkaloids Bone and Mills 2013, Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [98,21] Astringent tannins, saponins, alkaloids Bone and Mills 2013 [98]

Aromatherapy

Essential oil Buchbauer and Jirovets 1994, Bone and Mills 2013 [99,98] Cardio-protective vitamins Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [21] Cell signalling and transport Minerals Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [21] Diuretic Essential oil Bone and Mills 2013 [98]

Hematologocal

Essential oil Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [21] Hemodynamic Minerals Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [21]

Hypocholestrolemic

Essential oil, saponins, flavonoids Bone and Mills 2013 [98] Hypoglycemic Essential oil, tannins Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [21] Hypotensive Essential oil Ekepenyong et al. 2015 [21] Insecticidal repelling Essential oil Lima et al 2009 [100] Neuropharmacological Essential oil, alkaloids, minerals Koo et al. 2003, Bone and Mills 2013 [, 98] Studies on karyomorphology: C. flexuosus underwent screening and was specifically selected for both morphological and karyomorphological analyses. The species showcases significant heterogeneity in its morphology, chemotype, and genotype, as highlighted in Lavania's research in 1987. Through karyomorphological studies, it was revealed that the natural population of C. flexuosus comprises diverse ploidy levels, including diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid races. This variation in ploidy levels is widespread across different variants of Cymbopogon species in the natural environment, contributing to their complex chemotaxonomy. The presence of different ploidy levels among Cymbopogon species is significant, as polyploidization has the potential to augment the production of secondary metabolites and enhance DNA methylation. Notably, within the Cymbopogon genus, C. flexuosus stands out with the highest ploidy level and the most advanced karyotype type. This serves as a testament to the evolutionary progress within the genus, underscoring the advanced characteristics and completion of its evolutionary lineage (Narayan 1966; Marigowda et al. 2016) [64,57] . [57] Total chromatin length: 22.56 µm Karyotype formula: 1M+4m+5sm Karyotype asymmetry: 2A [57] Total chromatin length: 22.56 µm Karyotype formula: 6M+11m+3sm Karyotype asymmetry: 1A [57] Total chromatin length: 60.32µm: Karyotype formula: 8M+18m+4sm; Karyotype asymmetry: 2B Breeding objective of lemongrass: A widely grown crop among fragrant and therapeutic plants is lemongrass. Enhancing quality, productivity, and essential oil content is the goal of lemongrass breeding. Additionally, disease resistance and environmental adaptability are prioritized. Resilience against drought, resilience to pests, and attractive flavor profiles are critical components of sustainable farming. Other factors to take into account include modifying development patterns, increasing shelf life, and lowering allergenic substances. With a focus on lowering environmental impact and improving market appeal, these goals provide consistent, high-quality lemongrass production for a range of industries and uses. They also cater to the needs of consumers and farmers. To accomplish these objectives, cooperation between breeders, researchers, and farmers is essential.

Karyotype analysis:

Potential applications of Lemongrass

Adsorption of metal ions and dyes: Lemongrass, known for its excellent adsorption properties owing to its cellulosic nature, has been utilized as a bio-absorbent material for various metal ions and dyes. [102,103] . On the other hand, the West Indian lemongrass, Cymbopogon flexuosus, has been found effective in removing As 3+ and Cr 4+ from aqueous solutions (Jha and Kumar 2017) [104] . In many cases, lemongrass has been dried, pulverized into powder, and utilized as an absorbent material for metal ion absorption (Lee et al. 2014; Sobh et al. 2014) [102,103] . Moreover, some instances have explored the inclusion of the whole lemongrass plant in the adsorption process (Jha and Kumar 2017) [104] . Creating smaller particles has been found to enhance the adsorption capacity, with reports suggesting a significant 93% ion removal using the powdered form of lemongrass (Sobh et al. 2014) [103] . In a study on dye adsorption, waste lemongrass was obtained from the lemongrass oil distillation unit and transformed into ash to assess its capacity to absorb methylene blue dye. The lemongrass ash efficiently absorbed nearly half of the dyes from the solution within the first 90 minutes, with around 40% being adsorbed within the initial 40 minutes. The adsorption of dyes was observed to increase with higher doses of lemongrass adsorbent, adjusted pH levels, and prolonged contact time. Similar to the behaviour observed in metal ion adsorption, a higher initial concentration of dyes led to increased adsorption due to the availability of absorbent sites.

Production of paper pulp: Paper pulp production: A number of grass species have already been investigated for their potential to be pulped and used to make paper (Madakadze et al. 2010) [101] . The cellulose-rich lemongrass has demonstrated its promise as a raw material for the paper industry. Before delignification, lemongrass is chopped into chips (15-25 mm), just like other raw materials used to make pulp. It has been reported that the lemon grass chips were cooked for one to three hours at 130-170 degrees Celsius when anthraquinone and alkali were present. Before being put through rollers to create sheets,the prepared substance was cleaned, put through a vibratory flat screen with a pore size of 0.15 mm, and then beaten. (Kaur and Dutt 2013) [47] . Both lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus and Sofia grass, a Cymbopogon species recognized as Cymbopogon Martinii and the origin of palmarosa oil, exhibited excellent mechanical strength qualities in the production of chemical-grade pulp (Kaur and Dutt 2013) [47] .

Utilization as a composite substance: 'The most recent usage of lemongrass has been documented in the field of composites, where it was applied as a thermoplastic composite's reinforcing material. In their 2017 study, Bekele et al. presented lemongrass composite powder, which was made from lemongrass flour with a particle size range of 150-850 in l minute. The powder was combined with high density polyethylene (HDPE) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-g-PP) as a coupling agent. Lemongrass essential oil (EO) has also been utilized in the sol-gel mixture to create bio composite films together with chitosan and starch. Moreover, mixing, casting, and aging were steps in that procedure. The homogenous surface structure was identified by the SEM pictures of the biofilm that was formed. Given that the film's tensile strength was not disclosed (Pandharipande and Katekhaye 2017) [105] .'

Generation of silica and bioenergy:

A few studies have looked explored using lemongrass to produce bioenergy.

Cymbopogon flexuosus was dried, crushed, and then put through a pyrolysis chamber in a fluidized bed reactor with a nitrogen environment in order to produce bio oil (Madhu et al. 2017) [56] . There have been reports on the use of lemongrass to produce silica (Firdaus et al. 2015, 2016) [33] . These reports describe two distinct processes, one of which includes the treatment of acid leaching while the other produces silica directly by calcination.

Application in food preservation:

There is ample evidence of lemongrass essential oil's antibacterial properties against microorganisms. Interestingly, revealed that lemongrass essential oil had more advantageous action than other essential oils against 12 significant bacterial species. Figure 14 illustrates the likely antibacterial action of lemongrass essential oil (EO) on cytoplasmic cells by showing that the EO causes cytoplasmic coagulation, which results in the production of spheroplasts and inhibits the formation of septa. It flushes out the intracellular hydrogen ions, which causes the bacterial cell to become immobile and die (Ekpenyong and Akpan 2017) [106] . Lemongrass has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacteria, including Salmonella Enteritidis and E. coli, as well as fungus (Mishra and Dubey 1994; Paranagama et al. 2003) [61,71] . (Moore-Neibel et al. 2012) [62,61] . According to this EO has apparently prevented the germination of a number of important postharvest diseases, including Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium herbarum, and Colletotrichum coccodes. A few entries with high oil and citral content are selected for their in vitro antifungal efficacy. Application in cosmetics confectioneries: The biological activities of the ingredients in lemongrass are crucial for uses in cosmetics as well as in the fields of food science and medicine. The primary ingredient in lemongrass oil, citral, is thought to produce b-ionone, which has a low concentration of rose scent and is thus important for use in the perfumery industry. In the cosmetics industry, there are several lemongrass products with proprietary formulae that include glycerol and lemon balm oil.

Genetic Markers and Genomic Tools:

Molecular markers in lemongrass, such as DNA-based markers, have revolutionized plant breeding programs by offering precise tools for selection and improvement. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon sp) is a popular herb known for its culinary and medicinal uses, and its genetic diversity plays a crucial role in developing improved varieties with enhanced traits. Here's why lemongrass molecular markers are of significant importance in plant breeding: Genetic Diversity Assessment: Molecular markers allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the genetic diversity within lemongrass populations. By studying the genetic makeup of different lemongrass varieties or accessions, breeders can identify unique traits, disease resistance, and other desirable characteristics that can be used in breeding programs. Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) molecular markers enable breeders to select plants with specific traits at the DNA level. This is particularly valuable for traits that are difficult to assess through traditional methods, such as disease resistance or tolerance to abiotic stress. MAS accelerates the breeding process by reducing the need for time-consuming and resource-intensive phenotypic evaluations other than this accelerated breeding programs, trait mapping, conservation of Genetic Resources, hybridization and gene introgression and precision breeding are the main pioneer of molecular breeding for improvement of lemongrass crop. Assessing different varieties or germplasms based on morphological traits involves examining cultural characteristics at various stages, but this method lacks reliability due to the influence of complex genetic interactions on many traits. Molecular markers derived from DNA sequences, such as RAPD and ISSR, offer a more dependable means of identification compared to morphological traits (Adhikari et al. 2013; Khanuja et al. 2005) [4,48] . These DNA markers, renowned for providing extensive polymorphism at the genetic level, are instrumental in distinguishing closely related genotypes, aiding in the assessment of genetic diversity. RAPD and ISSR markers have been effectively utilized in studying various medicinal and aromatic crops (Bharmauria et [12,45,48] . Similar to RAPD markers, ISSR markers are widely employed for individual fingerprinting. The ISSR technique stands out for its efficiency, speed, simplicity, reproducibility, and costeffectiveness in assessing genetic diversity or identifying closely related cultivars in numerous plant species (Gonzalez et al. 2002; Bhau et al. 2009) [36,14] . The study aimed to evaluate genotypic and phenotypic variations among 12 different genotypes of Cymbopogon flexuosus, a valuable medicinal plant, using three marker systems: morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers, including Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). This comprehensive analysis seeks to establish relationships among the germplasm by correlating genotypic and phenotypic data to enhance the quality and quantity of essential oils. The generated UPGMA dendrogram, which incorporated ISSR and RAPD analysis, revealed notable dissimilarity between genotype RLJ-M3 and RLJ-M10 (0.57), whereas the highest similarity was observed between genotype RLJ-M7 and RLJ-M9 (0.90) (Saikia et al. 2015) [78] .

Water stress effect on lemongrass: Given that environmental pressures have a direct impact on crop growth, development, yield, and quality, they represent the biggest threat to food security (Crisp et al. 2016) [22] . Heat stress, drought, floods, salinity, and an excess or shortage of nutrients are examples of environmental stressors. Of these, dryness continues to be the primary constraint on plant growth and production globally, with over 50% of agricultural land located in arid and semi-arid regions. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the phenomena of global warming would exacerbate the drought crisis (Dai 2013) [23] . According to Saikia et al. (2018) [79] , one of the most important environmental pressures affecting sustainable production is drought. Drought drastically inhibits plant development and growth (Bhargava and Sawank 2013; Rahadari and Hoseini 2012) [11,75] . Moreover, during drought stress, crop quality and production suffer (Nezhadahmadi et al. 2013; Zlatev and Lidon 2012) [65,94] . Cell division, elongation, and differentiation are essential for plant growth and development. Turgor loss, disruption of enzyme activity, and a reduction in photosynthesis-derived energy are all consequences of drought (Ding et al. 2013; Osakabe et al. 2014) [107,68] . Lemongrass was susceptible to dehydration. Relative greenness and other aspects of plant development are negatively impacted by water deficiency, although the proportion of essential oils was favourably impacted. Conditions of water deficiency led to a rise in proline content, reflecting the protein's critical involvement in such stressful situations. In addition, the main compounds of essential oil geranial and neral-increased under severe water deficit compared to low water deficit. Given the difficulties with water scarcity, particularly in dry and semiarid regions, it is advised to extend irrigation intervals to 10 days in order to reduce water usage and preserve slight drops in the output of oilseeds and herbs. Economically, the high-quality oil under stress will make up for the yield reductions by selling for a premium. It is also advised to carry out more research to improve lemongrass growth and quality in these stressful environments (Ahmoud et al. 2022) [56] .

Source: Christopher et al. 2015 [109] [3,62,30,86,24,87] . Gram-positive bacteria are more heavily impacted by EOs than Gram-negative bacteria, according to the majority of research. Although essential oils are lipophilic/hydrophobic, the hydrophilic lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane of Gramnegative bacteria may contribute to their higher resistance (Poole, 2002; Nakaido, 2003; Saha et al., 2008) [73,63,78] . This could result in an impermeable barrier. According to EOs added to other antibiotic vehicles, such as phenoxyethanol and stannous chloride, are effective against the majority of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, including P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. Numerous recent investigations have sought to clarify the mechanism behind the antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs) and the essential components accountable for these effects. These antibacterial activities occur together with cytotoxic activity, indicating a shared mechanism of action that is obviously membrane-based. Numerous studies link the terpenoid components of essential oils (EOs) to their antibacterial properties; specifically, citral, geranial (αcitral), and neral (β-citral) are effective (Onawunmi et al., 1984; Millezi et al., 2013) [67,59] . Onawunmi et al. (1984) [67] found that myrcene did not show any observable activity on its own, but rather when combined with geranial and neral, it increased their activities. Other compounds that are likewise isolatable from C. citratus that have antibacterial properties include 1,8-cineole, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and linalool (Gill and Holley, 2004; Millezi et al., 2013) [35,59] .

Antifungal Activity: Positive fungicidal and antiaflatoxigenic effects against various food storage and spoilage molds and yeast are demonstrated by Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (Paranagama et al., 2003; Matasyoh et al., 2011; Farhang et al 2013) [71,58,31] . Tyagi and Malik (2010) [89] support the findings of Boukhatem et al. (2014) [17] , who found that EOs had much greater antibacterial action when employed in their vapour phase as opposed to their liquid phase. The lipophilic molecules in the aqueous phase combine to form micelles, which inhibit the attachment of essential oils to the organisms; in contrast, the vapor phase permits free attachment, which might be the reason why the vapour phase is more effective (Inouye et al., 2001; Inouye et al., 2003) [41,40] . The potential of essential oil vapours has been studied less, despite growing interest, as compared to the extensive literature that shows the usefulness of essential oils in the liquid phase. Lemongrass essential oil has better antifungal action than tea tree or lavender essential oil, according to Casella & Casella (2010) [19] . It was also effective against a variety of yeast species (i.e., C. albicans, Candida oleophila, Hansenula anomala, S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum,and Metschnikowia fructicola) and fungi (i.e., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium roqueforti, Phytophthora infestans, Phoma sorghina, Phaeoramularia angolensis, etc.) that cause food spoilage (Irkin and Korukluoglu, 2009; Tchinda et al., 2013; Kabera, 2013; Bonzi et al., 2013) [42,88,44,15] . The cell membrane may be the major site of action for these essential oils. The transfer of nutrients and ions, the membrane potential, and the general permeability of fungal cells may all be impacted by their actions on the membrane. Despite the ideal settings, this always causes the microorganism to potentially die. Furthermore, conidial germination is linked to a number of signal transduction pathways, including as the cAMP/PKA and ras/MAPK pathways, as well as calcium/cal modulin signaling (Osherov and May, 2006) [69] . Lemongrass essential oil disrupts plasma cells, disarrays the structure of the mitochondria, and decreases Aspergillus flavus hyphal diameter, according to Helal et al. (2007) [39] (Link). Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ leaks are also seen in fumigated mycelia. Moreover, the amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids increases while the amount of total lipids decreases. Since the cell uses its energy for survival or repair rather than proliferation, the outflow of tiny ions is not always a sign of total membrane dysfunction, since it may be seen in viable cells with limited growth (Bouhhid et al., 2010) [16] . The transmission of signals across cell membranes and, eventually, conidial germination may be impacted indirectly by this ion loss. Fungal infections are said to become latent or inactive due to the fungistatic properties of lemongrass essential oil, which prevents fungal growth and reproduction without eliminating it. The main component of lemongrass essential oil, which has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, is citral. Certain fungus cannot develop when lemongrass essential oil is present in minimal fungicidal concentrations. When compared to growth culture, an in vitro experiment using these essential oils shows that Fusarium sp., Sclerotium sp., and Alterneria sp. do not grow at all. Insecticidal effect of essential oil: Cymbopogon essential oils and their main ingredients act as allelochemicals. Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites that are employed as biopesticides in biocontrol because they have the ability to impact insect biology and behavior (Ganjewala, 2009) [34] . Comparing C. citratus to other commercial insecticidal products (Olivero-Verbel et al., 2010) [66] , a number of studies demonstrate that it has a relatively strong insecticidal and repellent action on various insects that hamper food storage (Samarasekera et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2013) [108,50] , even at the larval stage (Labinas and Crocomo, 2002; Li et al., 2005) [51,54] . The anti-insect qualities of various doses of lemongrass essential oil were evaluated by Sharaby (1988) against the Spodoptera exigua Hbn, a smaller cotton leaf worm. The findings indicate that lemongrass essential oil was insecticidal, decreased egg hatchability, prevented third-instar larvae from eating on treated leaf discs, and inhibited egg laying. Lemongrass essential oil therefore served as an ovicidal and larvicidal agent, effectively controlling S. exigua. In the study of the insecticidal efficacy of lemongrass essential oil against the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) was also investigated on stored groundnuts. The essential oil of lemongrass has insecticidal properties. As a result, the authors advise against storing groundnuts with T. granarium and instead suggest using lemongrass essential oil.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) is a remarkable plant with a wide range of applications and benefits. Its unique citrusy aroma and flavor have made it a popular ingredient in culinary dishes, teas, and aromatherapy. Additionally, Lemongrass possesses various medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, which have been studied and utilized in traditional and modern medicine. Furthermore, Lemongrass cultivation and essential oil extraction have created economic opportunities for farmers and entrepreneurs in many regions. The plant's sustainable growth and relatively low resource requirements make it an environmentally friendly choice for essential oil production. Its potential for biofuel production and pest-repellent properties also hold promise for agriculture and pest management. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) is a versatile plant with a rich history and a promising future. Continued research and sustainable practices can harness its potential for the benefit of agriculture, industry, and human well-being. This remarkable plant is a testament to the value of biodiversity and the potential for natural resources to drive innovation and sustainable development.

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