Nutritional composition, photochemistry, and Pharmacognostic activities of Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.: An important wild edible fruit species of central India

Introduction

Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. is a branched, deciduous, and dioecious shrub or small tree belonging to the Salicaceae family, formerly classified under Flacourtiaceae. The botanical name carries historical and geographical significance: 'Flacourtia' honors E. de Flacourt (1607-60), a governor of Madagascar who visited the Cape before van Riebeeck, while 'indica' indicates its presence in the eastern regions, including the small Transvaal bushveld. This species is endemic to various countries in Africa and Asia and is commonly known as "Indian plum," "Governor's plum," and "Madagascar plum."

Taxonomic tree

Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Class: Dicotyledonae Order: Violales Family: Flacourtiaceae Genus: Flacourtia It is a versatile plant with significant medicinal and practical uses. Native to tropical regions, this resilient species offers both edible and therapeutic benefits.

The fruit is renowned for its medicinal applications, traditionally used to treat nausea, vomiting, bilious disorders, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Beyond its medicinal value, the fruit is a culinary delight, versatile in preparations ranging from raw consumption to processed products like jams, jellies, pickles, and even wine. The young shoots are also edible. Flacourtia indica 's defensive spines make it an excellent choice for natural fencing, forming impenetrable barriers suitable for agroforestry. Medicinally, the plant is integral to Ayurveda, with infusions of its bark, leaves, and roots used to treat fever, diarrhea, inflammation, and various other ailments. Its leaves have carminative, astringent, and tonic properties, addressing issues like asthma, pain, gynecological complaints, and snake bites. The root decoctions are used for pain relief, and the bark serves as an anti-rheumatic liniment. The plant also contributes to agroforestry, with its spiny nature creating effective hedges and windbreaks. The wood, though limited in size, is hard, heavy, and durable, used for making agricultural implements, building materials, and charcoal. Flacourtia indica is not only a valuable food source but also serves multiple roles in traditional medicine, agroforestry, and practical applications, showcasing its comprehensive utility and importance in both historical and modern contexts. Known for its edible fruits, the plant is widely recognized in traditional medicine systems for its diverse therapeutic properties. This review consolidates existing knowledge on the nutritional composition, phytochemistry, and pharmacognostic activities of Flacourtia indica, underscoring its relevance in both traditional and modern healthcare contexts.

Materials and Methods

An exhaustive literature review was conducted, encompassing a comprehensive exploration of diverse resources, including prominent databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Springer Nature. This thorough investigation involved employing various combinations of keywords to ensure inclusivity. Additionally, valuable insights were extracted from sources beyond traditional databases, such as pertinent websites and relevant thesis works. The overarching objective of this methodological approach was to comprehensively gather information pertaining to nutritional composition, phytochemistry, and pharmacognostic activities of Flacourtia indica.

Results and Discussion

The results of the extensive literature review revealed a rich compilation of information on the nutritional composition, phytochemistry, and pharmacognostic activities of Flacourtia indica

Nutritional Composition

The nutritional analysis of Flacourtia indica fruits revealed a rich profile of essential nutrients. The fruits are particularly high in vitamin C, contributing to their potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, they contain significant amounts of dietary fiber, essential vitamins such as A and E, and minerals like calcium, potassium, and iron. This nutrient density makes Flacourtia indica a valuable dietary component, potentially addressing nutritional deficiencies in local populations. Janick and Paull, 2008 [18] Calories (per 100 g) 94 kcal Protein (per 100 g) 0.5g Lipid (per 100 g ) 0.6g Carbohydrates (per 100 g) 24 0.075 mg/g Seeds per fruit 9.0 Tripathi, Shetti, and Rupa, 2019 [53] Taste Sour Total Soluble Solids (TSS) 15

Phytochemical Composition

Phytochemical screening of Flacourtia indica fruits identified a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins. These compounds are known for their health-promoting properties, particularly their antioxidant activities. The high levels of phenolic compounds suggest that Flacourtia indica has strong free radical scavenging capabilities, which can mitigate oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Flavonoids and tannins contribute to the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of the fruit, further enhancing its medicinal value. Tiwari, V.J., 2017 [54] [55] B-sitosterol, Ramontoside, butyrolactone lignin disaccharide, scoparone, aesculetin Satyanarayana et al., 1991 [56] ; Bhaumik et al., 1987 [6] ; Nazneen et al., 2009 [31] Coumarins and phenolic glycosides Kaou et al., 2010 [21] Lignan glycosides, monoterpene glycoside Chai et al., 2009 [10] Phenolic glucoside esters, Flacourtosides A-F Bourjot et al., 2012 [8] ; Boeckler et al., 2011 [57] Phenolic Glycosides Madan et al., 2009 [27] Poliothrysoside Sashidhara et al., 2013 [55] Pyrocatechol, Homaloside D Kaou et al., 2010 [21] Terpenoids, flavonoids Pachute et al., 2011 [33] Various phytocompounds with non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic properties Hussain et al., 2016 [16] Phenolic composition, total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins Ndhlala et al., 2007 [32] Table 3: A review of studies carried out on Pharmacological Activity of Flacourtia indica

Pharmacological Activity

Pharmacognostic Activities

The pharmacognostic evaluation of Flacourtia indica highlighted its traditional uses in treating ailments like diarrhea, fever, and respiratory infections. Laboratory studies confirmed that extracts from the fruit exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against common pathogens, supporting its use in traditional medicine. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Flacourtia indica extracts were also validated, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in managing pain and inflammation.

Discussion

The comprehensive analysis of Flacourtia indica underscores its importance as a wild edible fruit with substantial health benefits.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgmentsThe present work is the outcome of an on-going project focused on the conservation and sustainable management of wild edible fruiting species, generously sponsored by the CAMPA, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. Authors extend sincere gratitude to the funding agency for their invaluable support.

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