Role of chemistry in drug discovery and drug design

The drug discovery and development process use as target of new drug. This process transform some techniques such as screening, optimization, characterization, validation, synthesis. Target based drug design is more important, long-term, successful process. Which is use as high Throughput screening (HTS). Target is synthesized by combination of chemistry. All type of chemistry use in new drug discovery such as analytical chemistry, computational chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry etc. Analytical chemistry in pharmaceutical drug development providing assurance of the quality, safety and efficacy of new drug. Analytical chemistry play and important in developing a new drug. HPLC is most important Analytical process in pharmaceutical industry, other techniques are also used. It’s used as investigate polymorphism in new drug. All drugs are manufacturing under GMP i.e Good manufacturing practices. 50% Analytical chemistry used in drug discovery and development. Analytical method and instrumentation is used in the preclinical testing, toxicity testing and quality control. Commonly used as purification chemistry.

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Introduction

Chemistry is science of the composition, structure, properties & reaction of matter, especially of atomic & molecular systems. Chemistry plays an important role in understanding disease and their remedies, i.e. Drugs. The medicines or drugs that we taken for the treatment of the various ailments are chemical, either Organic or Inorganic. However, most drugs are organic molecules. Let's take aspirin as an example. It is drug which is most popular and widely used as analgesic drug because of its structure is simple and cost is also low. Chemical name of aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid, as an organic molecule. All the drugs are chemicals, and pharmacy is mainly about the study of various aspects of the drug, including manufacture, storage, action & toxicities, manufacture & managements, chemistry still plays vital role in pharmacy education. However, the use of chemistry is become at another level. The chemistry study for pharmacy student and other are completely different but though the basics of chemistry used in both studies as a basics as well as different fundamentals study. The halogen also appear in many lifesavings drugs. The recently discovered antiviral compounds, such as fialuridine (which contain both F & I, as well as N & O) are essential for the fight against HIV and AIDS. The world's selling medicine in 1998 was omeprazole, an antiulcer drug from Astra. It prevents excess acid in stomach & allows the body to heal ulcers. It contains pyridine ring and Benz imidazole ring, two aromatic heterocycles. The drug in news in 1999 was Viagra Pfizer's cure for male impotence. In the first three months after its release in 1998, 2.9 million prescription were issued for Viagra. It contain a simple benzene ring & more complex heterocyclic system, which can divided into two aromatic heterocyclic rings. The chemistry play's important role for the understanding structure and reactivity of the drugs. Nowadays, Research and Development Department (R&D) of many laboratories are working for synthesis of new medicine/drugs. They improved their quality and values, decrease the production cost. Medicinal chemistry studies & pharmaceutical chemistry studies are disciplines at the intersection of branch of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry and pharmacology and various other biological specialities where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis studies and development studies for pharmaceutical agents or bio-active molecules (drugs). Compounds used as medicine are most organic compounds such divided as atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidoqrel etc. Inorganic & organo-metallic compounds are also useful as drugs lithium & platinum -based agents such as lithium carbonate, cisplatin as well as qaullium. This chemistry has contributed In so many life processes and to the efforts regarding to advance the quality of life as well as to the development of society from synthetic, medicinal, biopharmaceutical and industrial point of view [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8] . Drug discovery is the process which aims at identifying the compound useful is the curing & treating disease. In this process involves the identification of candidates, synthesis, validation, optimization, characterization, screening and assays for therapeutic efficacy [5,9,10] .

Drug Discovery

Drug Discovery

Stages of drug discovery

Stages of drug discovery

Lead compound Identification

The identification of lead is the process of identifying & creating a compound that interact with the target. The drugs are tested how it metabolized and how it affects various complete functions.

Lead Optimization

After an identification they need to be optimized for the safety & efficiency. It is process in which drug designed after initial lead compound is identified. NMR & Mass spectrometry is helpful in discovery & optimization of lead molecules.

Product Characterization

Any new drug molecules show the promising therapeutic action. Therefore molecule is characterized by its shape, size, strength, weakness, toxicity, use & biological activity.

Formulation & Development

The physicochemical property of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are characterized to produce the stable, bioavailable and optimal dosage from for a specific administration route.

Preclinical Research

This stage involves the evaluation of the drugs safety and efficacy in animal species. The preclinical trial also have to acquire approval by corresponding regulatory authorities. Specially, side effects of the drugs need to be monitored and addressed in this stage.

Investigation of New

Investigation of New

New drug application

The new drug application express full story of drug & purpose to verify the drug is safe and effective for it's proposed use in the people studied.

Drug design

1. Identify structure activity relationship 2. Identify the pharmacophore 3. Improve target interaction ( Pharmacodynamics) 4. Improve pharmacokinetic property.

Identify structure activity relationship

The physiological action of molecule and it's function and chemical constituents. This observation in the basis of SAR studies. SAR includes interpretation of Drug and structure features of Drug molecule.

Identify the pharmacophore

Identify the pharmacophore

Conclusion

Regarding to this Review article I am happy to conclude that this review paper is going to be one of most important topic in future related to drug discovery and development of new drug.For new scientists and researchers this paper will be very useful for further research studies.

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