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A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

The Lancet · 2012 · Vol. 380(9859) · pp. 2224–2260

Stephen S Lim✉(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Theo VosAbraham D Flaxman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Goodarz Danaei(Harvard University)Kenji ShibuyaHeather Adair‐Rohani(University of California, Berkeley)Mohammad A. AlMazroa(Ministry of Health)Markus Amann(International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis)H Ross Anderson(St George's, University of London)Kathryn Andrews(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Martin J. Aryee(University of Maryland, Baltimore)Charles Atkinson(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Loraine Bacchus(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Adil N BahalimKalpana Balakrishnan(Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research)John R. Balmes(Berkeley Public Health Division)Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Auckland)Amanda Baxter(Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research)Michelle L. Bell(Yale University)Jed D BloreFiona Blyth(The University of Sydney)Carissa Bonner(The University of Sydney)Guilherme Borges(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana)Rupert Bourne(Anglia Ruskin University)Michel Boussinesq(Institut de Recherche pour le Développement)Michael Bräuer(University of British Columbia)Peter Brooks(The University of Melbourne)Nigel Bruce(University of Liverpool)Bert Brunekreef(Utrecht University)Claire Bryan-Hancock(Flinders University)Chiara Bucello(UNSW Sydney)Rachelle Buchbinder(Cabrini Hospital)Fiona Bull(The University of Western Australia)Richard T. Burnett(Health Canada)Tim Byers(Colorado School of Public Health)Bianca CalabriaJonathan R. Carapetis(The Kids Research Institute Australia)Emily Carnahan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Zoë Chafe(University of California, Berkeley)Fiona CharlsonHonglei Chen(Triangle)Jian ChenAndrew T. A. Cheng(Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica)Jennifer Child(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Aaron J. Cohen(Health Effects Institute)K. Ellicott Colson(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Benjamin C Cowie(Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory)Sarah C. Darby(University of Oxford)S. M. Darling(The University of Sydney)Adrian DavisLouisa DegenhardtFrank Dentener(European Commission)Don C. Des Jarlais(Mount Sinai Beth Israel)Karen Devries(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Mukesh Dherani(University of Liverpool)Eric L. Ding(Harvard University)E. Ray Dorsey(Johns Hopkins University)Tim DriscollKaren Edmond(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Suad Eltahir Ali(Federal Ministry of Health)Rebecca E Engell(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Patricia J. Erwin(Mayo Clinic in Arizona)Saman Fahimi(University of Cambridge)Gail Falder(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Farshad Farzadfar(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)Alize J Ferrari(Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research)Mariel M. Finucane(Harvard University)Seth Flaxman(Carnegie Mellon University)F.G.R. Fowkes(University of Edinburgh)Greg Freedman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Michael K Freeman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Emmanuela Gakidou(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Santu Ghosh(Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research)Edward L. Giovannucci(Harvard University)Gerhard Gmel(Addiction Switzerland)Kathryn Graham(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health)Rebecca Grainger(National Institutes of Health)Bridget F. Grant(National Institutes of Health)David Gunnell(University of Bristol)Hialy Gutierrez(Columbia University)Wayne Hall(The University of Queensland)Hans W. Hoek(Parnassia Groep)Anthony Hogan(Australian National University)Hung Chak Ho(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)Damian Hoy(Monash University)Howard Hu(University of Toronto)Bryan Hubbell(Environmental Protection Agency)Sally Hutchings(Imperial College London)S Ibeanusi(University of Port Harcourt)Gemma Jacklyn(The University of Sydney)Rashmi Jasrasaria(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Jost B Jonas(Heidelberg University)Haidong Kan(Fudan University)John А. Kanis(University of Sheffield)Nicholas J KassebaumNorito Kawakami(The University of Tokyo)Young‐Ho Khang(Ulsan College)Shahab Khatibzadeh(Harvard University)Jon‐Paul Khoo(Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research)Cindy KokFrancine Laden(Harvard University)Ratilal Lalloo(Queensland Health)Qing Lan(National Cancer Institute)Timothy Lathlean(Flinders University)Janet L Leasher(Nova Southeastern University)J. Paul LeighYang LiJohn K. Lin(Harvard University)Steven E. Lipshultz(University of Miami)Stephanie J. London(Triangle)Rafael Lozano(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Yuan Lu(Harvard University)Joelle Mak(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Reza MalekzadehLeslie Mallinger(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Wagner Marcenes(Queen Mary University of London)Lyn MarchRobin Marks(The University of Melbourne)Randall V. Martin(Dalhousie University)Paul McGale(MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL)John J. McGrath(Queensland Eye Institute)Sumi MehtaZiad A. Memish(Alfaisal University)George A. Mensah(University of Cape Town)Tony R. Merriman(University of Otago)Renata Micha(Agricultural University of Athens)Catherine Michaud(China Medical Board)Vinod Mishra(United Nations Population Fund)Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah(Johns Hopkins University)Ali A Mokdad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Lídia Morawska(Queensland University of Technology)Dariush Mozaffarian(Harvard University)Tasha Murphy(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Mohsen Naghavi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Bruce Neal(The George Institute for Global Health)Paul K NelsonJoan M. Nolla(Bellvitge University Hospital)Rosana NormanCasey Olives(University of Washington)Saad B Omer(Emory University)J. Orchard(The University of Sydney)Richard H. Osborne(Deakin University)Bart Ostro(California Environmental Protection Agency)Andrew PageKiran Pandey(World Bank)Charles Parry(South African Medical Research Council)Erin Passmore(The University of Sydney)Jayadeep Patra(St. Michael's Hospital)Neil Pearce(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Pamela M Pelizzari(Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)Max Petzold(University of Gothenburg)Michael Phillips(Shanghai Jiao Tong University)Daniel Pope(University of Liverpool)C. Arden Pope(Brigham Young University)John Powles(University of Cambridge)Mayuree Rao(Harvard University)Homie Razavi(Center for Disease Analysis)Eva Rehfuess(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)Jürgen T Rehm(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health)Beate Ritz(University of California, Los Angeles)Frederick P. Rivara(University of Washington)Thomas Roberts(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Carolyn Robinson(University of California, San Francisco)Jose Adolfo Rodriguez-Portales(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile)Isabelle Romieu(Centre international de recherche sur le cancer)Robin Room(Alcohol and Drug Foundation)Lisa C Rosenfeld(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Ananya Roy(University Hospital, Newark)Lesley Rushton(Imperial College London)Joshua A. Salomon(Harvard University)Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson(Vanderbilt University)Lídia Sànchez-Riera(Bellvitge University Hospital)Ella Sanman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Amir Sapkota(University of Maryland, Baltimore)Soraya Seedat(Stellenbosch University)Peilin Shi(Harvard University)Kevin D. Shield(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health)Rupak Shivakoti(Johns Hopkins University)Gitanjali M Singh(Harvard University)David A. Sleet(National Center for Injury Prevention and Control)Emma Smith(Northern Sydney Local Health District)Kirk R. Smith(University of California, Berkeley)Nicolas J C Stapelberg(Griffith University)Kyle Steenland(Emory University)Heidi Stöckl(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Lars Jacob Stovner(Norwegian University of Science and Technology)Kurt Straif(Centre international de recherche sur le cancer)Lahn Straney(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)George D. Thurston(New York University)JIMMY H. TRAN(University of California, Berkeley)Rita Van Dingenen(European Commission)Aaron van Donkelaar(Dalhousie University)Lennert Veerman(The University of Queensland)Lakshmi Vijayakumar(Voluntary Health Services Hospital)Robert Weintraub(Royal Children's Hospital)Myrna M. Weissman(Columbia University)Richard White(Harvard University)Harvey Whiteford(Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research)Steven Wiersma(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)James D. Wilkinson(University of Miami)Hywel C Williams(University of Nottingham)Warwick Williams(National Acoustic Laboratories)Nicholas WilsonAnthony D. Woolf(Royal Cornwall Hospital)Paul Yip(University of Hong Kong)Jan M. Zielinski(Health Canada)Alan D LópezChristopher J L Murray(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)Majid Ezzati(Imperial College London)

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Health disparities and outcomes Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology Nutritional Studies and DietMedicineEnvironmental healthBurden of diseaseAttributable riskDisease burdenDisability-adjusted life yearYears of potential life lostRisk assessmentRelative riskRisk factor