Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce: a multifunctional desert tree linking dryland ecology, agroforestry, nutrition, phytochemistry and sustainable development

Abstract

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, widely known as Khejri in India and Ghaf in the Arabian Peninsula, is a keystone tree species of arid and semi-arid regions that combines exceptional ecological resilience with major livelihood and medicinal value. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the species’ botanical features, geographic distribution, ecological functions, agroforestry importance, nutritional potential, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and conservation needs. The tree is highly adapted to extreme dryland conditions through its deep root system, drought tolerance, nitrogen-fixing ability, and capacity to persist under heat, salinity, and poor soil fertility. In natural and managed ecosystems, it improves soil health, stabilizes sand dunes, moderates microclimate, supports biodiversity, and contributes to carbon storage and land restoration. In Indian drylands, especially Rajasthan, P. cineraria is central to traditional agroforestry systems, where it supports crop productivity, provides shade and shelter, and supplies fodder, fuelwood, and edible products. The species is also increasingly recognized for its functional food value and medicinal potential, with leaves, pods, bark, and seeds containing flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, and other bioactive compounds linked to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and other pharmacological effects. Recent Indian studies have strengthened evidence for its role in soil improvement, habitat suitability, and product development, while also highlighting concerns about regeneration, propagation, and habitat degradation. Overall, P. cineraria emerges as a strategically important native desert tree for dryland resilience, sustainable agriculture, and future restoration efforts.