Effect of organic sources on growth and yield GreenGram (Vigna radiata L.) in Summer Season

Introduction

Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is source of protein for humans but have low productivity of the most ancient and extensively grown leguminous crops of India (Saravanan et al., 2013) [1] .It is a native of India and Central Asia and commonly known as mung bean. It is the third important pulse crop after chickpea and pigeon pea, cultivated throughout India for its multipurpose uses as vegetable, pulse, fodder and green manure crop. Its seed is more palatable, nutritive, digestible and non-flatulent than other pulses grown in world. The pulses are known to improve the physical characteristics of soil through tap root system which opens the soil in to the deeper strata. Even though pulses production increased significantly during the last decade but continuing the rapid growth is a challenge for researchers, extension agencies and policy makers to fulfill the domestic demand conditions and optimum level of required inputs. Varietals response to graded levels of fertilizer and sulphur is of great importance since varieties differ in their growth and developmental behaviour. Greengram gives low seed yield and poor growth performance mainly due to poor management and low soil fertility. Nitrogen due to leaching and volatilization and phosphorus due to fixation may not be available adequately at flowering and pod formation stages of crop and result in shading of flowers and pods. The crop needs more nitrogen at the reproductive phase, and the nutrient uptake after flowering either becomes slow or stops due to inactivation of roots. The optimum supply of nitrogen and phosphorus influenced the growth and yield of greengram (Rathod et al., 2012) [2] . After phosphorus, sulphur nutrition has been found to be major limiting factor in greengram production. sulphur is now recognized as major plant nutrient , along with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Sulphur deficiency is becoming more critical with each passing year which is severely restricting crop yield, quality, nutrient use efficiency and economic returns of millions of farms. Like any essential nutrient, sulphur also has certain specific functions to perform in the plant. Thus, sulphur deficiencies can only be corrected by the application of sulphur fertilizer (Tandon et al., 2007) [3] . An application of sulphur has a synergistic effect on productivity of crops. Fertilizer recommendation for soils and crop is a dynamic process in view of the generation of the new knowledge, change in soil nutrient status, change in plant and planting pattern as associated management practices (Ali et al., 2005) [4] . The management of fertilizers is one of the important factors that greatly affect the growth, development and yield of mungbean. Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur are integral compo nent of virtually all the biochemical compounds that make plant life possible. There is no conceivable alternative for such elements to constructing the biochemical machinery of plants. It is absolutely clear that both nitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements in their structural, biochemical and physiological roles contributing to crop growth and the sulphur essential for the formation of the chlorophyll and production of protein. Chemical fertilizers have played a significant role in the development of the agricultural sector and continuous use of chemicals leads to decrease in organic carbon, reduction in microbial flora of soil, increasing acidity and alkalinity and hardening of soil. To overcome their, the use of organic sources as vermicompost which are mainly ready to use live formulates of such beneficial microorganisms that help to increase the availability of nutrients by biological activity of microorganisms. To achieve the goal, the scientists have includes breeding of high yielding cultivars of grain legumes. This has resulted in the release of some high yielding cultivars of pulses in cultivars of pulses in recent past. However, their agronomic practice for different agro climates are yet to be properly worked out in realizing their full genetic potential

Materials and Methods

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, during Summer seasons of 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications consisting of eight treatments combinations. The experiment consisted of eight treatment combinations involving different levels of fertilizers, vermicompost, biofertilizer inoculations (PSB and Rhizobium) and an absolute control. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design replicated three times. Variety used in experiment RMG-492 with seed rate 16 kg/ha, seed was sown spacing with 30×10 cm.

Results

Effect of nutrient management of summer green gram

Growth attributes

The application of various levels of nutrient in green gram significantly influenced the growth characters at all growth stages. It was recorded plant height (30.88 cm, 50.34 cm and 56.13 cm), number of branches (8.65 10.65 12.95), number of leaves (14.56 20.71 and 17.76) and dry matter accumulation (1.90, 8.45 and 13.39) were recorded in T 4 (100% RDF + Vermicompost 2.5 t ha -1 + Biofertilizer (ST)). This could be attributed to the high cell turgidity and increased cell number, cell turgidity is responsible for the elongation of cell. Vermicompost contains the essential micro and macro nutrients, growth hormones, organic matters and another favorable reason for increasing plant height due to growth enzyme present in vermicompost, which has favors rapid cell division and elongation. Similar finding have been reported by Ghanshyam et al. (2010) [5] , Patel (2012) [6] , Atik et al. (2014) [7] . Due to nutrient supply through organic sources all these parameters recorded more values causing increasing in dry matter. Similar kind of trend was also observed by Kumari et al. (2002) [8] who reported that the application of @ 30 kg P 2 O 5 and 2 ton vermicompost ha -1 in cow pea significantly improve the dry matter, Jat et al. (2006) [9] also reported the application of vermicompost @ 3 t ha -1 + nitrogen + @ 26 P 2 O 5 kg ha -1 and S @ 40 kg ha -1 in mungbean, significantly effect of dry matter accumulation, The results reported by Meena (2013) are also in close conformities with these findings.

Yield attributes and yield

Different nutrient level brought about a significant variation in seed yield of green gram. The maximum number of pod was (20.32), pod weight (17.00 g), length of pod (10.86), grain yield (986.98 kg ha -1 ), test weight (38.90 g), stover yield (2546.43 kg/ha), biological yield (2400.87 kg / ha) and harvest index (39.98%) calculated in 4 (100% RDF + Vermicompost 2.5 t ha -1 + Biofertilizer (ST)). This might be due to photosynthesis result and adequate supply of nutrient from inorganic fertilizers with compost use. Vermicompost also contains more essential plant nutrients, number of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing and other beneficial microbes, vitamin, hormones and enzymes etc., which have better effect on yield attributes due to improvement in the soil fertility. It also releases the nutrients slowly for the benefits of crop during entire crop growth period. The distinct increase in grain and test weight under treatment T 4 was mainly due to supply of essential plant nutrients throughout the entire growth period which resulted in to better growth and yield attributing characters .This findings are in agreement with Yakadri et al. (2002) [10] , Kumar et al. (2002) [11] , Singh et al. (2011) and Atik et al. (2014) [7] .

Nutrient content

Protein content was significantly influenced by various treatments. Significantly higher protein content (21.54 %) was recorded with treatment T 4 (100% RDF + Vermicompost 2.5 t ha -1 + Biofertilizer (ST). The combined application of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + Biofertilizer (ST) recorded the maximum nitrogen (4.76%), phosphorus (0.75%) and potassium (1.98%) content in seed, whereas the minimum values of nitrogen (2.23%), phosphorus (0.50%) and potassium (1.22%) were recorded under control (T₁). The higher N, P and K content under integrated nutrient management may be attributed to the combined and balanced supply of nutrients through inorganic fertilizers, vermicompost and biofertilizers. Seed treatment with Rhizobium enhanced biological nitrogen fixation, while vermicompost improved nutrient availability, root growth and nutrient absorption, resulting in greater accumulation of N, P and K in the seed. Similar findings were reported by Arsalan et al. (2016) [12] , Dhakal et al. (2016) [13] and Kumar and Yadav (2018) [14] .

Conclusion

On the basis of present investigation, it can be concluded that for getting higher growth, yield and quality, summer green gram crop should be nourished with T 4 (100% RDF + Vermicompost 2.5 t ha -1 + Biofertilizer (ST). We can suggest to farmer according to found that result.

References

1. Saravanan P, Sathish Kumar S, Ignesh A. Effect of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on the yield and macronutrient concentrations of green gram. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention. 2013;2(1):18-20.
2. Rathod SL, Gawande MB. Response of greengram varieties to different fertilizer grades. International Journal of Science and Research. 2012;3(7):1313-1315.
3. Tandon HLS, Messick DL. Practical of sulphur guide. The Sulphur Institute, Washington, D. C.; 2007. pp: 1-2.
4. Ali M, Kumar S. Pulses yet to see a breakthrough. The Hindu survey of Indian journal in Agriculture. 2005;54-56.
5. Ghanshyam Kumar R, Jat RK. Productivity and soil fertility as effected by organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in greengram (Vigna radiata). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2010;55(1):16-21.
6. Atik A, Yılmaz B. Effects of treatment with vermicompost on the some morphological and physiological characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Eurasian Journal of Soil Science. 2014;3(1):42-55.
7. Kumari MS, Ushakumari K. Effect of vermicompost with rock phosphate on the yield and uptake of nutrients in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L). Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 2002;40(1/2):2730.
8. Jat RS, Ahlawat IPS. Direct and residual effect or vermicompost sulphur fertilization on soil nutrient dynamics and productivity of mungbean, maize sequence. Journal of sustainable Agriculture. 2006;28(1):41-54.
9. Yakadri M, Ramesh, Thatikunta, Rao LM. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata). Legume Research. 2002;25(2):139-141.
10. Kumar Satish, Singh RC, Kadian VS. Performance of mungbean as influenced by seed inoculation with Rhizobium and levels of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Indian Journal of Pulses Research. 2002;16(1):67-68.
11. Arsalan M, Shoaib A, Chauhdary JN, Sarwar M. Effect of vermicompost and phosphorus on crop growth and nutrient uptake in mungbean. Journal of Applied Agriculture and Biotechnology. 2016;1(2):38-47.
12. Dhakal Y, Meena RS, Kumar S. Effect of INM on nodulation, yield, quality and available nutrient status in soil after harvest of green gram. Legume Research-An International Journal. 2016;39(4):590-594.
13. Kumar Yadav K, Singh SP, Nishant, Kumar V. Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil fertility and productivity on wheat crop. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International. 2018;24(2):1-9.
14. Singh M, Deokaran N, Mishra JS, Bhat BP. Effect of integrated nutrient management on production potential and quality of green gram. Jourmal of Krishi Vigyan. 2017;5(2):39-45.
15. How to cite this article: Sahu T, Singh Dhaked G, Gurjar OP, Meghwal ML, Kumawat G. Effect of organic sources on growth and yield Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) in Summer Season. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science. 2026;8(9):685-690. doi: https://www.doi.org/10.33545/2664844
16. X.2026.v8.i9i.1936 International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science https://www.agriculturaljournals.com 26648458, 2026, 8(9), Downloaded from https://www.doi.org/10.33545/2664844X.2026.v8.i9i.1936 by International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science on [09/10/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://www.agriculturaljournals.com) for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License