Impact of various insecticides on major insect pests of sesame

Introduction

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) 2n = 26 belongs to the family Pedaliaceae, which comprises about 16 genera and 60 species, and is an important oilseed crop cultivated for its highquality edible oil and nutritious seeds. The seeds contain about 45-55 per cent oil along with carbohydrates, fibre, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants such as sesamin and sesamolin (Wei et al., 2022) [35] . Sesame oil is widely used for cooking, bakery products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and traditional medicine (Anilkumar et al., 2010) [3] . In India, the seed is eaten fried or mixed with sugar. Sesame is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions under diverse agro-climatic conditions and is grown during the kharif, rabi, and summer seasons in India, depending on rainfall and irrigation facilities (Wacal et al., 2021; Pandey et al., 2021) [34,21] . Globally, sesame is cultivated on about 11.71 million ha with an annual production of approximately 6.7 million tonnes and average productivity of 523 kg/ha (FAOSTAT, 2024-25) [10] . In India, sesame is grown on about 1.52 million ha with an annual production of approximately 0.86 million tonnes and average productivity of 545 kg/ha (FAOSTAT, 2024-25) [10] . The major sesame-growing states in India are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In Maharashtra, sesame is mainly cultivated during the kharif season, particularly in the Vidarbha region. The area of Maharashtra cultivated under kharif sesame is 4.66 ha, and production is 1.24 tonnes with average productivity 265.43 Kg/ha (DES, Govt. of MH), where it is an important rainfed oilseed crop. Sesamum is attacked by about 65 species of insect pests in different stages of plant growth. Major insect pests attacking sesame include leaf webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel; leafhopper, Orosius albicinctus Distant; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius; aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover; linseed bud fly, Dasineura lini; and gall fly, Asphondylia sesame Felt. Among these, the leaf webber and capsule borer are considered among the most destructive pests, causing damage to tender leaves, flower buds, and developing capsules, resulting in considerable yield loss (Ahuja and Bakhetia, 1995; Omprakash et al., 2022) [2,19] . Sucking pests such as leafhoppers, whiteflies, and aphids also cause considerable damage by extracting plant sap, while leafhoppers are associated with the transmission of phyllody disease, which can severely reduce sesame yield (Ahirwar et al., 2010; Selvanarayanan and Selvanuthukumaran, 2000) [1,28] . Chemical insecticides offer rapid suppression of sesame insect pests, but their excessive use may lead to resistance, pest resurgence, environmental contamination and harmful effects on beneficial organisms. Hence, the present study was undertaken to identify effective, economical and comparatively safer insecticides for managing major insect pests of sesame under field conditions.

Materials and Methods

The present investigation was conducted during the Kharif season of 2025 at the Botany Research Field, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, to evaluate the efficacy of various insecticides against major insect pests of sesame, namely Capsule borer, leafhopper, whitefly, and aphids. Treatment Details:

Experimental details

Treatment details (Module details) Insecticide Details M1 NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L fb Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L M2 Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC 0.15 ml/L M3 Spinosad 45 SC 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L M4 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L M5 Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L M6 Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L M7 Quinalphos 25%EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L M8 Untreated Control

Application of newer insecticides

All the insecticides were applied as a foliar spray. The spraying was done using a knapsack sprayer. The first spraying was given on 30 DAE on 30th July, 2025, and the second spray after 15 days of the first spray, i.e., (45 DAE) on 18th August, 2025. The quantity of spray solution was 500 l/ha in each spray application. The insecticidal solution was prepared according to the following formula.

Where, V = Volume or mass of the commercial product (mL or g). C = Desired concentration of the spray solution (%). A = Total volume of spray solution required (L). % a.i. = Percentage of active ingredient present in the commercial formulation.

Method of recording observation

Seeds were treated with Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 g/kg seed before sowing, and two foliar sprays of the respective insecticides were applied against the major insect pests of sesame, with the first spray at 30 DAE and the second spray 15 days after the first spray, i.e., 45 DAE.

The observations were recorded 24 hours before the application of the spray, and post-treatment observations will be recorded at 3, 7, and 14 days after spray.

For whitefly, Leaf Hoppers, and aphids: The populations of Whitefly, Leaf Hoppers, and aphids were counted on upper, middle, and lower leaves of 10 randomly selected plants from each plot.

For til leaf roller/ capsule borer: The number of webbed leaf per ten plants were counted for leaf roller, and 50 capsules randomly selected from each plot were observed, and damaged capsules were counted from the randomly selected plants.

Crop Yield:

Sesame crop yield data were collected from each plot for different treatments, and the total yield estimated per hectare was computed according to the following formula (Bondre et al., 2017).

Yield, kg/ha = Factor x seed yield (per plot) Where,

Benefit -cost ratio

Benefit-cost ratio (B: C ratio) was calculated with respect to different treatments imposed for managing major insect pests of sesame according to the following formula (Bondre et al., 2017)

The data obtained from the field observations were statistically analysed according to the experimental design following the procedure of Gomez and Gomez (1984) [13] to determine the significance of differences among the treatments.

Results and Discussion

Cumulative mean effect of different insecticide modules against capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis) after two sprays The cumulative mean data after two sprays revealed significant variation among the different insecticide modules in their effectiveness against the larval population of capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis), as presented in Table 1.

Module M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L) recorded the lowest cumulative mean population of 0.42 larvae/plant and was statistically at par with M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) and M5 (Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L), which recorded 0.58 larvae/plant each. Module M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L) and M6 (Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L) which was at par with each other and recorded 0.75 and 0.86 larvae/plant, respectively, followed by M1 (1.13 larvae/plant) and M7 (1.26 larvae/plant). The untreated control (M8) recorded the highest cumulative mean population of 2.21 larvae/plant, which was significantly higher than all the treated modules. Thus, M3 was the most effective module against capsule borer, followed by M4 and M5. The present findings are in agreement with Divya et al.

(2022) [8] , who reported chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/L as the most effective treatment against Antigastra catalaunalis, followed by spinosad 45 SC and novaluron 10 EC. Omprakash et al. (2022) [19] also recorded maximum reduction of A. catalaunalis larval population with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/L, followed by spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L and profenofos 50 EC. Saravanan and Selvanarayanan (2023) reported significant reduction in leaf and capsule damage with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 22.75 g a.i./ha. Similarly, Naveen et al. (2018) [18] found chlorantraniliprole 20 SC @ 0.20 ml/L and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.12 ml/L to be highly effective against A. catalaunalis. Choudhary et al. (2017) [5] reported superior efficacy of spinosad against A. catalaunalis, while Rabari et al. (2024) observed effective suppression of leaf webber and capsule borer with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC.

Cumulative mean effect of different insecticide modules against sesame leafhopper (Orosius albicinctus) after two sprays

The cumulative effect of two sprays (Table 2) revealed that all the insecticidal modules significantly reduced the leafhopper population compared with the untreated control. Among the evaluated modules, M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) recorded the lowest cumulative mean population (1.50 nymphs and adults/3 leaves) and was the most effective treatment. It was statistically at par with M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L), M1 (NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L fb Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L) and M7 (Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L), which recorded 1.52, 1.63 and 1.66 nymphs and adults/3 leaves, respectively. M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L), M6 (Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L) and M5 (Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L) recorded 1.87, 2.11 and 2.32 nymphs and adults/3 leaves, respectively. The untreated control (M8) recorded the highest cumulative mean population (4.32 nymphs and adults/3 leaves).

The present findings are supported by Thakur et al. (2023) [33] , who recorded a 76.47 per cent reduction in Orosius albicinctus population with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 g/kg seed + profenofos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L + NSKE 5% in sesame. Jasmine et al. (2023) [14] reported quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/L as effective against sesame leafhopper, recording 1.15 insects/plant. Kumar et al. (2022) [17] observed effective suppression of the sesame sucking pest complex with imidacloprid 17.8 SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and NSKE 5%. Pandey et al. (2018) found imidacloprid seed treatment followed by foliar spray to be highly effective against leafhopper, mirid bug and whitefly in sesame. Supporting evidence was also reported by Deepak et al. (2017) [6] and Soratur et al. (2017) [31] , who recorded effective suppression of leafhoppers with profenofos 50 EC in okra and cowpea, m respectively. Sharma et al. (2023) [29] further reported significant reduction in sesame phyllody incidence following imidacloprid seed treatment and foliar application.

Cumulative mean effect of different insecticide modules on population of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on sesame crop after two sprays

The cumulative effect of two sprays (Table 3) revealed that Module M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L) was the most effective, recording the lowest cumulative mean whitefly population (1.83 nymphs and adults/3 leaves). It was statistically at par with M1 (NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L fb Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L), M7 (Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L), M6 (Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L) and M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L), which recorded 1.93, 1.95, 2.95 and 3.00 nymphs and adults/3 leaves, respectively. M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) and M5 (Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L) recorded 3.40 and 3.60 nymphs and adults/3 leaves, respectively. The untreated control (M8) recorded the highest cumulative mean population (6.43 nymphs and adults per 3 leaves). The present findings are supported by Singh et al. (2018) [30] , who reported effective suppression of Bemisia tabaci with profenophos 50 EC and spinosad 45 SC in kharif mungbean. Ram et al. (2020) [25] reported spinosad 45 SC, fipronil 5 SC and imidacloprid 17.8 SL as effective treatments against the sucking pest complex of sesame. Kumar et al. (2022) [17] also recorded effective suppression of sesame sucking pests with imidacloprid 17.8 SL, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and NSKE 5%. Geetha et al.

(2020) [11] observed 67.5 per cent reduction in castor whitefly population with profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L, while buprofezin 25 SC @ 1.5 ml/L recorded 71.2 per cent reduction. Rajveer et al. (2017) [24] reported significant reduction of B. tabaci on okra with insecticides, with quinalphos 25 EC @ 250 g a.i. /ha recording 2.23 whiteflies/3 leaves compared with 7.85 in the untreated control.

Cumulative mean effect of different insecticide modules on population of aphid (Aphis gossypii) on sesame crop after two sprays

The data (Table 4) on the cumulative effect of two sprays revealed that Module M7 (Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L) was the most effective, recording the lowest cumulative mean aphid population (1.54 nymphs and adults/3 leaves). It was at par with M1 (NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L fb Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L), M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L), M6 (Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L) and M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L), which recorded 1.91, 2.02, 2.35 and 2.55 nymphs and adults/3 leaves, respectively. It was followed by M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) and M5 (Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L) recorded 2.82 and 3.08 nymphs and adults/3 leaves, respectively. The untreated control (M8) recorded the highest aphid population (5.03 nymphs and adults/3 leaves). The present findings are in agreement with Ram et al.

(2020) [25] , who reported spinosad 45 SC, fipronil 5 SC, imidacloprid 17.8 SL as effective treatments against the sucking pest complex of sesame. Kumar et al. (2022) [17] also reported effective suppression of sesame sucking pests with imidacloprid 17.8 SL, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and NSKE 5%. Saritha et al. (2020) [27] recorded effective suppression of aphids and other sucking pests in sesame with imidacloprid 17.8 SL, while difenthiuron 50 WP @ 1.25 g/L was the next effective treatment. Kalmath and Hadimani (2017) reported quinalphos 25 EC @ 750 g a.i. /ha as highly effective against aphids and other sucking pests of chilli. Srivastava et al. (2016) [32] also recorded the lowest wheat aphid population with quinalphos 25 EC @ 1600 ml/ha, which was at par with spinosad 45 EC @ 125 ml/ha. Soratur et al. (2017) [31] reported profenophos 50 EC as highly effective against cowpea aphid under field conditions. Patel et al. (2017) [22] observed effective suppression of mustard aphid with thiamethoxam 25 WG, imidacloprid 17.8 SL and quinalphos 25 EC.

Effect of different insecticide modules on yield of sesame

The data presented in Table 5 revealed significant differences among the insecticidal modules with respect to sesame seed yield. Module M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L) recorded the highest seed yield (5.89 q/ha) and was statistically at par with M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) and M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L), which recorded 5.85 and 5.48 q/ha, respectively. These were followed by M6 (Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L), M5 (Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L), M7 (Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L) and M1 (NSE 5% @ International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research https://www.biochemjournal.com 100 ml/L fb Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L), which recorded 5.33, 4.78, 4.29 and 3.92 q/ha, respectively. The untreated control (M8) recorded the lowest seed yield (2.48 q/ha). The present findings are in agreement with Kalathiya et al.

(2025) [15] , who reported chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC as the most effective treatment against Antigastra catalaunalis in sesame, producing the highest seed yield (672 kg/ha). Rabari et al. (2024) also recorded the highest seed yield (806.06 kg/ha) with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 3.75 ml/10 L water, along with minimum capsule damage (3.25%). Similarly, Omprakash et al. (2022) [19] reported that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC followed by spinosad 45 SC effectively suppressed A. catalaunalis and resulted in higher sesame seed yield.

Economics

The economics of different insecticidal modules presented in Table 6 revealed significant differences in their economic performance. Among the evaluated modules, M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L) was the most economical, recording the highest ICBR of 1:7.83 with a net gain of ₹29,789/ha. It was followed by M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L), which recorded an ICBR of 1:5.61 and a net gain of ₹25,086/ha. M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) recorded an ICBR of 1:4.48 with a net gain of ₹27,138/ha, followed by M6 (Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L fb Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L) with an ICBR of 1:3.71 and a net gain of ₹22,122/ha. M5 (Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3 ml/L), M7 (Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L) and M1 (NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L fb Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L) recorded ICBRs of 1:2.13, 1:1.89 and 1:1.16, with net gains of ₹16,765, ₹11,678 and ₹7,634/ha, respectively. The present findings are supported by Omprakash et al.

(2022) [19] , who recorded the highest ICBR with profenofos 50 EC (1:3.22), followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (1:3.12) and spinosad 45 SC (1:2.96) against Antigastra catalaunalis in sesame. Chopade et al. (2018) [4] also reported chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and fenvalerate 20 EC as effective treatments for improving sesame yield, with fenvalerate recording an ICBR of 1:18.53.

Conclusion:

Among the seven insecticidal modules evaluated, significantly lower pest populations were recorded with different modules depending on the target pest. The lowest capsule borer population (0.42 larvae/plant) was recorded in M3 (Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L fb Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L), while M4 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/L fb Novaluron 10 EC @ 2 ml/L) recorded the lowest leafhopper population (1.50 nymphs and adults/3 leaves). The lowest whitefly population (1.83 nymphs and adults/3 leaves) was observed in M2 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/L fb Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.15 ml/L), whereas the lowest aphid population (1.54 nymphs and adults/3 leaves) was recorded in M7 (Quinalphos 25% EC @ 4 ml/L fb NSE 5% @ 100 ml/L). The highest sesame seed yield was recorded in M3 (5.89 q/ha) followed by M4 (5.85 q/ha) and M2 (5.48 q/ha), whereas the untreated control recorded the lowest yield (2.48 q/ha). The maximum ICBR (1:7.83) was obtained with M3, followed by M2 (1:5.61) and M4 (1:4.48), indicating that Spinosad 45 SC followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was the most effective and economically viable insecticidal module for managing the major insect pests of sesame under the conditions of the present investigation.

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