Effect of integrated nutrient management at growth and quality parameter on cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.)

Introduction

Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub] popularly referred as "Guar" may be a vegetable crop of Indian origin belonging to the family lenguminoceae. Cluster bean is a self-pollinated crop with a chromosome number of 2n=14 [1] . It is an important legume crop mainly grown under irrigated condition during summer and rainy season. The crop also survives even at moderate salinity and alkalinity conditions. There is no other legume crop so hardy and drought tolerant as guar, which is particularly suited for the soil and climate of western Uttar Pradesh. There is a big demand for Indian gum products, food additives, and food thickener. Guar seed endosperm gum is used in numerous industries, including textiles, confectioneries, medicines, cosmetics, mining, drilling and water treatment [2] . Nutrition value-Its tender pods are rich source of energy (16 Kcal), moisture (81 g), protein (3.2 g), fat (1.4 g), carbohydrate (10.8 g), vitamin A (65.3 IU), vitamin C (49 mg),calcium (57 mg) and iron (4.5 mg) for every 100 g of edible portion [3] , Being approximately 75% dietary fiber, it allows the fiber to be added to a food with a minimal effect on taste and texture. Cluster bean pods are rich in soluble fibre and lower blood cholesterol levels. The use of guar gum has increased tremendously, as it is a natural absorbent. In the plains, it is sown twice, from summer season and rainy season. It is one of the most popular beans grown in India. India accounts for about 80% production of guar gum in the world, remaining 20% is produced by countries like Pakistan, USA, Australia, South Africa, Sudan and Argentina [4] . India produced 16.80 lakh tonnes of cluster bean vegetable pods on an area of 23.30 lakh hectares, with a productivity of 428 kg per hectare, in the year 2017-18 [61] . It is grown on a higher scale in Rajasthan (18.18 lakh ha), Gujarat (2.27 lakh ha), Haryana (1.27 lakh ha), and Punjab (0.14 lakh ha) [5] . Rajasthan accounts for 72% of the guar crop production in the country. 90% of the guar processed in the country is exported [6] . The aim of integrated nutritional management is to integrate the use of natural and artificial soil nutrients to increase crop productivity and maintain soil fertility for future generations. In long-term crop studies, balanced use of inorganic fertilizers cannot maintain higher yields over the years due to lack of secondary and micronutrients and deterioration of soil physical properties. Increased use of fertilizer will undoubtedly increase the production of raw materials significantly, but in the sustainable fertility it will have a negative impact on soil health. In case of INM approach, careful application of all nutrients can sustainably improve soil fertility and economic yields [7] . This current study shows the actual impact of the integrated use of inorganic fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers and biofertilizers on the growth, and quality of cluster ban and sustainable soil fertility.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted under irrigation during the year 2021 to 2022 cropping season in on rainy season at R.B.S. College horticulture research farm, Bichpuri, Agra. The location of the experiment remained unaltered in both the years. The research farm is situated about 1 km to the near Bichpuri railway station Uttar Pradesh India. Bichpuri Agra is located latitude of 27.2 o North and longitude of 77.9 o east with an altitude of 163.4 meters above means sea level. Agra has a semi arid and sub tropical climate with hot and dry summers and severely cold. The average annual maximum and minimum temperature is 36 °C and 4 °C respectively. The soil type in the area is light textured sandy loam. The experiment was laid out as a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) arrangement treatment twelve combination, three replication and thirty six total treatments. Trail others detail is following-Variety-Pusa Novbahar, Spacing -(row ×pant) 45×30 cm, Net plot size-2.25 m×1.5 m=3.375 mete 2 .

Data collection and analysis: Data on growth and development, yield components and quality variables were collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Model of the SAS statistical package (SAS, 2007). All significant pairs of treatment means were compared using the critical difference (CD) at 5% level of significance, coefficient of variation (C.V.) and standard error of mean (SEM).

Treatment details

Treatment

Treatment combination T1 100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 T2 Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T3 FYM (25 ha -1 ) T4

Vermicompost (10 t ha -1 ) T5 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T6 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T7 50% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 50% RDF through inorganic fertilizers FYM + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T8 50% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 50% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T9 FYM (25 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T10

Vermicompost (10 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) T11 100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM) T12 100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 )

Results and Discussion

• Growth parameters The inorganic and organic fertilizers or manures along with biofertilizers alone or in combination were found to have significant effect on growth characters as compared to RDF treatment. It is evident from Table 1 that among all the twelve treatments, T 12 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) recorded the highest plant height at 90 DAS(143.01 cm), Fresh weight of plant (255.15 gm), spread of plant at 90 DAS(40.78 cm), Number of pods per cluster (8.01) which was statistically at par with T 11 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM). The reason might be due to higher availability of nutrients as a result of integration of organic and inorganic sources with bio fertilizers.

The maximum germination count (%) is observed in T 10 (89.05%) Vermicompost (10 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ), and the lowest germination count (%) is observed in T 1 83.09% (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ). {Table 1.1} Similarly, application of INM treatments, T 10 treatment at par with T 9 FYM (25 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ), T 12 , T 11, T 3 and T 4 at germination percentage of seed during experimental years except T 1 treatment. It is noted that the treatments T 10, T 9, T 12, and T 11, proved significantly superior over rest of the treatments. As we know Vermicompost, FYM and bio-fertilizers help seed germinate so application of organic fertilizers along with bio fertilizers has great effect on the germination percentage of cluster bean. This finding is in conformity with those of [8,9] . • Plant height (cm) at 90 DAS All the INM treatment produced significantly longer height then T 1 131.07cm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) except T 2 131.67 cm (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 1.2} The longest height was observed in T 12 143.01 cm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 11 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM). Maximum height of plant in cluster bean crop is due to the application 50% RDF through vermicompost and 50% RDF through FYM along with bio-fertilizers. Similar results were observed by [10,11] .

• Fresh weight of plant (gm) All the INM treatment produced significantly more Fresh weight of plant (gm) then T 1 141.06 gm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) except T 2 141.47gm (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 1.3} The highest Fresh weight of plant (gm) was observed in T 12 255.15 gm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 11 255.15 gm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM). Similar results were observed by [12,13] .

• Spread of plant (cm) All the INM treatment produced significantly more Spread of plant (cm) then T 1 33.74 cm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 )except T 2 34.41cm (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 1.4} The maximum Spread of plant (cm)) was observed in T 12 40.78 cm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 11 40.32 cm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM). Similar results were observed by [14,12] .

• Number of pods per cluster

All the INM treatment produced significantly more Number of pods per cluster then T 2 5.08 (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) except T 1 5.10 (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {table 1.5} The highest Number of pods per cluster was observed in T 12 8.01 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 11 7.99 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM) Similar results were observed by [15,11,16] .

• Quality parameter

The inorganic and organic fertilizers or manures along with biofertilizers alone or in combination were found to have significant effect on quality characters as compared to RDF treatment. It is evident from Table 2 that among all the twelve treatments, T 12 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) recorded the highest), length of pod (10.37 cm), Diameter of pod (0.98 CM), Dry weight of pods (21.35 gm)/100 g, and protein content of pod (3.67 g/100) which was statistically at par with T 11 100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM) but maximum Fiber content of pod (3.25 gm/100 g) is T 10 Vermicompost (10 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ), The reason might be due to higher availability of nutrients as a result of integration of organic and inorganic sources with bio fertilizers • Length of pod (cm) All the INM treatment produced significantly more length of pod (cm) then T 1 7.13 cm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) except T 2 7.14 cm (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 )which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 2.1} The highest length of pod (cm) was observed in T 12 10.37 cm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 11 9.91 cm(100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM) which was similar to T 10 9.65 cm (vermicompost 10 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). Similar results were observed by [17,15,18] .

• Diameter of pod (cm) All the INM treatment produced significantly more Diameter of pod (cm) then T 1 0.75 cm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha - 1 ) except T 2 0.80 cm (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 2.2} The highest Diameter of pod (cm) was observed in T 10 1.09 cm (vermicompost 10 t ha -1 + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 9 1.08 cm (FYM 25 t ha -1 + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). Similar results were observed by [19,18,20] .

• Dry weight of pods (gm/100 g) All the INM treatment produced significantly more Length of raceme (cm) then T 1 17.39 gram (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) except T 2 17.86 gram (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ).{Table 2.3} The highest Length of raceme (cm) was observed in T 12 21.35 gram (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 11 21. 16 gram (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM) which was similar to T 10 (vermicompost 10 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). Similar results were observed by [18] .

• Fiber content of pod (gm/100 g) All the INM treatment produced significantly more Fiber content of pod (gm) then T 1 1.62 gm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) except T 2 1.84 gm (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) which was similar to T 5 (75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers + 25% RDF through vermicompost + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 2.4} The highest Fiber content of pod (gm) was observed in T 10 3.25 gm (vermicompost 10 t ha -1 + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) treatment which was at par with T 9 3.24 gm (FYM 25 t ha -1 + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). Similar results were observed by [12] .

• Protein content of pod (g/100 g) The maximum Protein content of pod (gram) was observed in T 11 3.67gm (100% RDF through organic fertilizers (50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM) and T 12 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers(50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) and the minimum Protein content of pod (gram) is observed in T 1 3.36 gm (100% RDF (25:60:60) N: P: K kg ha -1 ) and T 2 (Bio fertilizers (RDF + Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed +PSB 5 kg ha -1 ). {Table 2.5} similar results were observed by [21,22,19] .

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the study that the variety, Pusa Novbahar as well as application of inorganic fertilizers with organic sources of FYM /Vermicompost with bio fertilizers when combined resulted in better growth and quality of cluster bean in sandy loamy soil of semi arid zone of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, India. It is noted that the application of T 12 (100% RDF through organic fertilizers 50% RDF through vermicompost+50% RDF through FYM + Bio fertilizers Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha -1 ) resulted in best growth and quality parameters e.g. plant height, Fresh weight of plant, spread of plant, Number of pods per cluster, length of pod, Diameter of pod, Dry weight of pods, Fiber content of pod and protein content of pod. However, it was observed that the integrated treatment of T 10 Vermicompost (10 t ha -1 ) + Bio fertilizers (Rhizobium 25 g kg -1 seed + PSB 5 kg ha - 1 ), Germination count (89.05%) is best in cluster bean under semi arid condition. Thus, as per availability of the source i.e., vermicompost FYM, and bio fertilizer in a given area or location, T 12 and T 10 may be recommended to the farmers of semi arid condition.

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