Incidence of jassid population on soybean and their correlation with weather parameters

Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a wonder crop of twentieth century. Native of soybean is in Asia and the first known records, indicated that it was a domesticated crop in China since the 11 th century (Hymowitz, 1970) [4] . It is referred to as the "miracle bean" or the "golden bean" since it is one of the most affordable and beneficial sources of protein, vitamins, minerals, salts and other components in the world (Nannaware et al., 2018) [7] . Soybean is the world's first rank crop as a source of vegetable oil. About more than 150 insect pests have been reported on soybean crop in various parts of Madhya Pradesh. Out of which about a dozen of insect pests cause serious damage to the crop from sowing to the harvest (Singh and Singh, 1992) [12] . Among them, girdle beetle, Obereopsis brevis (Swedenbord); stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner); tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fab.); green semilooper, Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker); white fly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and jassid, Empoasca kerri (Pruthi) are the major pests in Madhya Pradesh as well as Bundelkhand region. Spodoptera litura (Fab.), Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) are feeding on foliage, flower and pods causing significant yield loss in India. Jassid (Figure 1 and2) is major sap feeder insect of soybean (Meena et al., 2017) [6] Material and Methods Soybean variety JS 20-29 was sown in a plot size of 10.35×9m 2 with spacing of 45 cm×10 cm. Normal agronomical practices were followed for raising the crop except application of the insecticide. The population of jassid was recorded at weekly interval in a compact plot under insecticide free condition. Observation on jassid population was recorded on three leaves (upper, middle, and lower) on randomly selected ten plants.

Results

Seasonal incidence of jassid on soybean

The obtained data recorded on seasonal incidence of jassid on soybean during Kharif season 2024 and 2025 are presented in table 1 while depicted in figure 3.

Jassid, Empoasca kerri (Pruthi) Kharif 2024

Jassid population observed from 30 th SMW (23 rd -29 th July) with 2.00/3 leaves and its peak was observed at 36 th SMW (3 rd -9 th September) i.e., 5.90/3 leaves when minimum and maximum temperatures were 37.6 °C and 25.8 °C respectively, morning and evening relative humidity was 83.1% and 70.6% and rainfall was 3.2 mm. Afterwards, jassid population declined and reached the minimum population of 1.70/3 leaves in the 43 rd SMW (22 nd -28 th October).

Kharif 2025

Activity of jassid population recorded from 30 th SMW (23 rd -29 th July) with 2.20/3 leaves and reached the peak at 36 th SMW (3 rd -9 th September) i.e., 5.40/3 leaves when minimum and maximum temperatures were 33.7 °C and 25.2 °C respectively, morning and evening relative humidity was 88.3% and 65.0% and rainfall was 32.0 mm. Afterwards, jassid population declined and reached the minimum population of 1.60/3 leaves in the 43 rd SMW (22 nd -28 th October). Effect of weather parameters on whitefly of soybean

Effect of weather parameters on jassid of soybean Jassid, Empoasca kerri (Pruthi) Kharif 2024

According to the correlation studies, (table 2) incidence of jassid was found significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.61).

The regression equation being as: y =-9.67 + 0.40x

Above equation, may be expressed that with every unit increase in maximum temperature, there was an increase of 0.40 jassid population (figure 4). While, the minimum temperature (r = 0.40), morning relative humidity (r = 0.38), evening relative humidity (r = 0.40) and rainfall (r = 0.45) had non-significant positive correlation on the jassid population.

Kharif 2025

According to the correlation studies, (table 2) jassid population was found significant positive impact with maximum temperature (r = 0.53), minimum temperature (r = 0.61) morning relative humidity (r = 0.62) and evening relative humidity (r = 0.58).

The regression equations being as: From the above equations, it may be expressed that with every unit increase in maximum and minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, there was an increase of 0.36, 0.21, 0.18 and 0.07 jassid population respectively (figure 5 and8). However, rainfall (r =-0.29) found non-significant negative correlation with jassid population.

Discussion

Seasonal incidence of jassid Jassid, Empoasca kerri (Pruthi)

During the cropping season 2024 and 2025, jassid population observed from 30 th SMW with 2.00/3 leaves and 2.20/3 leaves respectively. Similar finding is also observed by Tomar and Bhargawa (2018) [15] reported that the incidence of jassid started in last week of July. Present findings are fully in agreement with the Parmar et al. (2023) [9] who concluded that the incidence of jassid population started in soybean crop at last week of July. Activity of jassid population reached the peak at 36 th SMW i.e., 5.90/3 leaves and 5.40/3 during the cropping season 2024 and 2025 respectively. Present finding is similar to that of Tomar and Bhargawa (2018) [15] who reported that the pest marked its peak population during 36 th SMW. The present study is fully in agreement with the Chaudhari et al. (2020) [2] who reported that the peak of jassid population touched during the month of September.

Effect of weather parameters on jassid

According to the correlation studies, incidence of jassid was found significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature during both the years (2024 and 2025). Similar finding is observed with Bhavasar and Kumar (2019) [1] revealed that the incidence of jassid shown significant positive correlation with maximum temperature. According to the Panwar et al. (2021) [8] jassid population shown significant positive correlation with maximum temperature. While, during Kharif 2024 the minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and rainfall had non-significant positive correlation on the jassid population. However, rainfall found non-significant negative correlation with jassid population during Kharif 2025. Sapekar et al. (2020b) [11] observed that rainfall, morning and evening relative humidity was found positively nonsignificant with jassid population. The present finding was similar with the finding of Lodha et al. (2025) [5] who observed that the jassid population was negatively nonsignificant with rainfall while positive non-significant with minimum temperature and morning relative humidity.

In the year 2025 the jassid population was found significant positive impact with, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity. Sutaria et al. (2010) [14] who observed that the minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity was positively correlated with jassid population. According to Sable et al. (2018) [10] jassid population shown positive significant correlation with morning and evening relative humidity. According to the correlation studies, incidence of jassid was found significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature during both the years (2024 and 2025) and in the year 2025 jassid population was found significant positive impact with minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity.

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