Effect of source of nitrogen on yield and nutrient uptake in wheat

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2020-21 at the Research Farm, BSP FC, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design comprising 11 nitrogen management treatments with three replications. Treatments included recommended fertilizer dose (120:60:40 kg NPK ha⁻¹) alone and in combination with different concentrations of Nutriventia liquid urea and nano urea. Application of nitrogen sources significantly influenced dry matter accumulation, yield attributes, grain yield, biomass production and nutrient uptake. The highest dry matter accumulation, grain yield (61.29 q ha⁻¹), biomass yield (95.53 q ha⁻¹), nutrient uptake and economic returns were recorded with recommended NPK combined with nano urea at 10 ml ha⁻¹. This treatment also recorded the highest net monetary return (₹111,509 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (3.33). Thus, nano urea integrated with recommended NPK improved wheat productivity, nutrient utilization and profitability.

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Yields / Yield, q/ha and Biomass, q/ha: T1 vs T2 vs T3 vs T4 vs T5Close ×

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Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the second most significant cereal in India following rice, contributing substantially to the national food security by providing more than 50% of the calories to the people who mainly depend on it. For the last several years, India is the 2nd largest producer of wheat in the world next to China. According to USDA, wheat production of India was estimated 80.71million tones. Crop responses to N fertility are well documented and, for crops such as wheat where high protein is desirable, it is important to use adequate fertilizer rates or grain quality can decline. Unfortunately, one of the challenges with higher N rates is that the potential for lodging also increases, and, when lodging occurs, yield benefits are often reduced or yields can even decline. Wheat is the principal food grain produced in the United States. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that most commonly limits wheat yield and quality. Nitrogen use efficiency is currently only about 40 percent. A considerable increase from the previously estimated 33 percent NUE in the late 1990s is primarily due to advance in nutrient management strategies and cutting edge technologies. Development of efficient N management and improving N recommendations are fundamental issues that must be addressed to maintain or increase the sustainability of wheat production in the future. While spring wheat's primary value is its quality, represented by high grain protein content, N is vital to both yield and protein production. When evaluating NUE in spring wheat, combining yield and protein into protein yield parameter (calculated as a product of grain yield and percent grain protein) makes sense Kumbhare et al 2023a [1,2] and Sharma et al 2025 [3] . Protein yield enables us to calculate the efficacy of a particular treatment (such as fertilizer product or application method) [1, 3] from the perspective of producing a better return on the investment via optimizing grain yield and quality simultaneously. Foliar application of fluid fertilizer to wheat is not a new concept. The renewed interest of wheat producers in foliar fertilization is partially due to active promotion of fluid products as more efficient when compared to the more traditionally dry granular fertilizers.

Methodology

An field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, BSP FC, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) during rabi 2020-21. The experiment was laid in randomized block design consisting of 11 different treatments of nitrogen management having three replications.

The treatment T 1 -control, T 2 -RDF, T 3 -RDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea ml, TRDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea 4 ml, T 4 -RDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea 6 ml, T 5 -RDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea 8 ml/ha, T 6 -RDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea 10 ml/ha T 7 -RDF + Nano urea 2 ml, T 8 RDF + Nano urea ml, T 9 -RDF + Nano urea 6 ml, T 10 -RDF + Nano urea 8 ml/ha, T 11 -RDF + Nano urea 10 ml/ha. Recommended dose of fertilizer i.e., 120:60:40kg NPK ha⁻¹ was applied as per treatment. Half dose of nitrogen was supplied through Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea with full dose of phosphorus (P2O5) as DAP and potash (K2O) as murate of potash were applied before sowing of seeds as basal application. The remaining half dose of nitrogen was applied in two equal splits as top-dressing during CRI (crown root initiation) and jointing stage as per treatment. Spray of growth regulators was done as per the treatments. Commercially liquid urea were used at the desired concentrations. In control treatment where no growth regulators were to be applied only water was sprayed @ 400 l/ha. Two sprays of each liquid urea treatments were done at first node stage and at flag leaf stage.

Total uptake

Total uptake of N, P and K was calculated for each treatment separately by using the following formula.

Total nitrogen uptake (kgha⁻¹)=N uptake by grain + N uptake by straw Uptake of N, P and K by wheat plants was expressed in kg ha⁻¹

Dry matter accumulation

The dry matter accumulation by wheat was significantly influenced by different fertilizer levels and growth regulators at 60, 90 and at harvest. All the treatments varied significantly from one another on their effect on dry matter accumulation with higher values recorded with the application of recommended doses of NPK with nano urea followed by while significantly lower values were recorded in control plot Tripathi et al 2025 [4] . The dry matter accumulation by wheat crop was not influenced by liquid and nano urea during the initial one recording dates of 30 DAS while the effects were significant at later stages of 60,90 and at harvest. This was because of the fact that the first spray of growth regulators was done only at about 45 DAS and the effect of growth regulators applied at that time was not visible at 30 DAS and hence no treatment differences were visible. However, the effect of their applications done at about 60,90 DAS and all the later stages of crop growth same.

Grain yield

The perusal of data revealed that grain yield significantly influenced due to the application of different fertilizers levels and plant growth regulators Under the nutrient management and growth regulators practices, application of recommended doses of NPK with RDF + liquid produced maximum grain yield which was significantly higher grain yield than the absolute control and RDF (120:60:40) and it was at par with the application of Trecommended doses of NPK with RDF + liquid urea produced significantly higher grain yield than all rest of the treatments. However, minimum grain yield was recorded in absolute control. A close perusal of data revealed that the different fertilizer doses and growth regulators had a significant influence on the straw yield of wheat. With the application of recommended doses of RDF + liquid urea and nano urea producing significantly highest yield. This was due to the significantly highest number of tillers/m2 recorded in this treatment (Nirala et al 2022, Tomar et 2023b, Tiwari et al 2011) [5, 8, 7, 6] . This treatment was followed by application of Tand 100% recommended doses of NPK with liquid urea 10ml in that order, each treatment differing significantly from one another. The lowest straw yield recorded in the control was due to the inability of the soil to provide adequate amount of nutrients to the plants in absence of applied fertilizers (Singh et [9,10,5,8,7,6] .

Biomass yield

A close perusal of data revealed that the different fertilizer doses and growth regulators had a significant influence on the straw yield of wheat. With the application of RDF + with Nano urea 10 ml /ha producing significantly highest yield (95.53q /ha). This was due to the significantly highest number of tillers / m² recorded in this treatment. This treatment was followed by application of TRDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea 10 ml/ha and RDF + with Nano urea 8 ml /ha in that order, each treatment differing significantly from one another. The lowest straw yield recorded in the control was due to the inability of the soil to provide adequate amount of nutrients to the plants in absence of applied fertilizers Jha et al 2024 [11] , Tripathi et al 2025 [4] and Sharma et al 2025) [3,4,11] .

Nutrient uptake

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in grain and straw increased with increasing nutrient levels fig 1. Maximum N, P, K content in grain and straw were observed in with RDF + nano urea 10 ml /ha fertilizer recommended doses of NPK with growth RDF + liquid urea 10 ml /ha and minimum in control Patel et al 2023 [12] , Sahu et al 2023 [13] Raghuwanshi et al 2023 [14,15] , Shri et al 2015, Shrivastava,et al 2014, Verma et al 2016a [16,17] . This may be due to adequate nutrients availability to the plants which increased the nitrogen content and also have positive effect on growth, similarly, on the phosphorus and potassium content in grain and straw. Different sprays did not have any significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in grain and straw. These results are in contradiction to those of Singh et al. (2008) [12,13,14,18,16] . Grain and straw analysis show that uptake of NPK increased with different nutrient levels (fig1). Singh et al. (2008) [19] reported that the increment in N uptake was probably due to improvement in soil conditions, which promoted the proliferation of roots and plant demand, which in turn drew more nutrients from larger area and greater depth Tiwari et al 2013 [20] ,Singh et al 2013 [10,9] , Bhalse et al 2023, Bhayal et al 2022 [57,21] Jha et al 2022 [23] , Jha et al 2020 [24] ,Tiwari et al 2011b) [7,20,21,23,24] . Under various spray treatments, maximum NPK uptake was recorded in recommended doses of NPK with RDF + liquid. Effect of liquid urea on growth, biochemical, yield and yield components of wheat crop recorded higher root growth due to maximum nutrient uptake, and protein content compared to control( [25,8,26,27,28,6] .

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Nutrient uptake influenced by different treatments

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Economics

The higher gross return under recommended doses of NPK with RDF with nano urea 10 ml fallowed by RDF + Nutriventia Liquid Urea 10 ml fallowed by recommended doses of RDF with nano urea 8 ml was due to higher grain and straw yields obtained with higher nutrient levels. These results are in conformity with those of MGFEY Tiwari et al 2013 [20] , Tomar et al 2023a [6,8] , Bhalse et al 2024 [58] , Chauhan et al 2017 [29] , Dubey et al 2022 [30] a Kumhar et al 2025.. Whereas maximum net return was obtained in recommended doses of NPK with Nano urea 10 ml and lowest was found in control treatment (59436 rs /ha) [20,6] . whereas lowest B:C 2.27) was obtained in control due to lower yields. The [31,25,33,34,32,35] .

Figures and tables from the paper

Treatments	Dry Matter Accumulation (g/m-2)	—	—	—
	30 DAS	60 DAS	90 DAS	Harvest
T1	55.55	523.51	995.43	1137.3
T2	56.56	531.55	1004.64	1180.6
T3	57.82	688.74	1115.87	1293.8
T4	57.38	561.99	1090.26	1194.3
T5	58.07	606.3	1120.72	1255.5
T6	59.01	731.36	1212.14	1357.2
T7	59.25	734.6	1212.45	1378.8
T8	59.62	751.72	1224.99	1418.3
T9	60.55	895.81	1233.65	1518.5
T10	61.55	896.81	1235.41	1526.5
T11	62.34	897.85	1237.24	1529.5
C.D at 5%	0.85	2.52	1.22	1.24

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Effect of various ntirogent fertilizer on dry matter accumulation

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Treatments	Plant Height c.m.	Yield attributes	—	—	Yields	—
		Earhead /sq.m.	Grains/ Earhead	1000 Grains Weight, g	Yield, q/ha	Biomass, q/ha
T1	90.05	382.17	40.03	32.28	40.88	69.85
T2	88.73	352.26	38.68	34.05	42.27	74.57
T3	93.78	389.95	42.09	36.91	49.47	81.49
T4	99.94	406.78	43.61	41.78	53.21	87.38
T5	101.93	421.17	45.26	43.06	56.67	90.91
T6	89.15	381.27	39.13	31.38	47.98	88.95
T7	87.83	351.36	37.78	33.15	48.37	83.67
T8	92.88	389.05	41.19	36.01	48.57	80.59
T9	99.04	405.88	42.71	40.88	52.31	86.48
T10	100.03	420.27	44.36	42.16	55.77	90.01
T11	106.55	425.79	49.88	47.68	61.29	95.53
S.E.m+	0.44	1.18	0.12	0.02	1.12	1.16
C.D at 5%	1.12	3.89	0.38	0.06	3.36	3.48

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Table 2Close ×

Efficacy of Nitrotecnia-400 gg and nano urea nitrogen based fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of Wheat

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Treatments	Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)	Gross monetary returns (Rs/ha)	Net monetary returns (Rs/ha)	B:C Ratio
T1	46852	106288	59436	2.27
T2	47458	109902	62444	2.32
T3	47589	128622	81033	2.70
T4	47698	138346	90648	2.90
T5	47888	147342	99454	3.08
T6	47985	124748	76763	2.60
T7	47456	125762	78306	2.65
T8	47562	126282	78720	2.66
T9	47666	136006	88340	2.85
T10	47789	145002	97213	3.03
T11	47845	159354	111509	3.33

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Effect of various treatment on economics

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Net monetary returns Rs /ha as influenced by various treatments

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