Efficacy of Nano Fertilizers on growth, yield attributes and yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.), popularly known as the "Queen of Cereals," is one of the most important cereal crops owing to its high genetic yield potential, wide adaptability and diverse uses as food, feed, fodder and industrial raw material. In India, maize plays a significant role in ensuring food and nutritional security while supporting the poultry, livestock, starch, ethanol and food processing industries. During 2024 -25, maize was cultivated on about 113 -115 lakh hectares with a production of 420 -435 lakh tonnes and an average productivity of 3600 -3800 kg ha⁻¹. In Telangana, the crop is grown on approximately 5.5 -6.0 lakh hectares with a productivity exceeding 5600 kg ha -1 , which is considerably higher than the national average (MoA&FW, 2025; Indiastat, 2025; PJTSAU, 2025). Despite its high yield potential, maize productivity is often constrained by poor nutrient use efficiency, particularly of nitrogen and phosphorus. Conventional fertilizers exhibit low nutrient use efficiency due to losses through leaching, volatilization, denitrification and fixation, resulting in increased production costs and environmental concerns. Improving nutrient use efficiency has therefore become an important objective in sustainable maize production. Nano-fertilizers have emerged as an innovative nutrient management strategy because of their small particle size, high surface area and controlled nutrient release characteristics. Foliar application of Nano Urea Plus improves nitrogen availability, chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic efficiency, while Nano DAP enhances phosphorus availability during early crop growth, leading to improved nutrient uptake and crop performance. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of nano-fertilizers on crop growth and yield, however information on their combined use with conventional fertilizers under the agro-climatic conditions of Northern Telangana is limited. Therefore, the present investigation entitled "Efficacy of Nano Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)" was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Nano Urea Plus and Nano DAP, in combination with different levels of conventional fertilizers, on the growth, yield attributes and yield of maize under irrigated conditions.

Materials and Methods

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2025-26 at the College Farm, Agricultural College, Polasa, Jagtial, Telangana, India, to evaluate the "Efficacy of Nano Fertilizers on growth and yield attributes of Maize (Zea mays L.)" The experiment comprised of eight treatments:-T 1 -100% Recommended NPK, T 2 -100% Recommended NPK + one spray of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS, T 3 -100% Recommended NPK + two sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS, T 4 -100% Recommended NPK + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + one spray of Nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25 -30 DAS, T 5 -80% Recommended N and 100% P & K + two sprays of Nano Urea Plus, T 6 -60% Recommended N and 100% P & K + two sprays of Nano Urea Plus, T 7 -80% Recommended P and 100% N & K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP + one spray of Nano DAP, T 8 -60% Recommended P and 100% N & K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP + one spray of Nano DAP, T 9 -80% Recommended N & P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg⁻¹ seed + one spray of Nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS + two sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS, T 10 -60% Recommended N & P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP + one spray of Nano DAP + two sprays of Nano Urea Plus, T 11 -100% Recommended PK and T 12 -100% Recommended NK. These treatments were evaluated under a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The experiment field was characterized by well drained sandy clay loam soil with a composition of 62.8% sand, 6.5% silt and 29.85% clay. The available nitrogen was low with 137 kg ha -1 . The available phosphorus was medium 22.1 kg ha -1 and potassium was medium with 215.8 kg ha -1 . During the experimental period, the average maximum and minimum temperatures were 31.3 °C and 14.2 °C, respectively. The crop variety used was maize variety 'DHM-117, which has a duration of 105 -110 days. Sowing was done at a spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm using a seed rate of 20 kg ha -1 on 25 th October, 2025. The recommended dose of fertilizers (240:80:80 kg ha -1 of N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O) was applied using urea, SSP and MOP. Nitrogen was applied in four equal splits. The first split was applied as a basal dose at sowing, the second at the knee-high stage (30 -35 DAS), the third at the flag leaf emergence stage (50 -55 DAS), and the fourth at the tasseling-silking stage (60 -65 DAS). Phosphorus was applied entirely as a basal dose at the time of sowing. Potassium was applied in two equal splits, with half as a basal application and the remaining half at the tasseling-silking stage (60 -65 DAS). Foliar application of Nano Urea Plus and Nano DAP was given by knapsack sprayer at 25 and 45 days after sowing. Data was recorded from five plants selected randomly from each replication of treatment. Data on growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, cob length, cob girth, kernel rows cob -1 , kernels cob -1 , test weight, Grain and stover yields of maize were analysed statistically using ANOVA.

Results and Discussion

Effect of Nano fertilizer treatments on growth parameters of maize 1. Plant height (cm) Plant height was significantly influenced by application of Nano fertilizer treatments recorded at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. At 30 DAS, there was no significant difference observed among the different nano fertilizer treatments in terms of plant height. Among the different treatments, T 3 (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded significantly higher plant height of 194. [16] , Arun kumar et al. (2024) [1] and Kundu and Chhabra (2023) [8] .

Leaf area increased progressively from 30 DAS to 90 DAS and declined thereafter up to harvest. The differences among the treatments were significant at all the growth stages. Treatment T 3 (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS) recorded significantly higher leaf area of 1319, 4790, 5480 and 3099 cm 2 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and harvest, respectively, compared to the remaining treatments. However, it was statistically on par with T 2 (1275, 4591, 5267 and 2871 cm 2 ), T₁ (1224, 4352, 4884 and 2863 cm 2 ), T₄ (1211, 4299, 4864 and 2859 cm 2 ) and T₇ (1117, 4290, 4789 and 2802 cm 2 ) at the respective growth stages. The lowest leaf area was recorded under T₁₁ (100% Recommended PK) with 1006, 3578, 3978 and 2376 cm 2 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and harvest, respectively. Results analogous to this have also been reported by Rajesh et al. (2021) [14] and Hasanain et al. (2024) [6] .

Dry matter production increased progressively with crop growth and reached its maximum at harvest. Significant differences among the treatments were observed at all growth stages. Treatment T 3 (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded significantly higher dry matter production of 1260, 6227, 9496 and 10754 kg ha -1 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and harvest respectively, compared with the remaining treatments. However, it was statistically on par with T 2 (1230, 6198, 9338 and 10407 kg ha -1 ), T 1 (1200, 6137, 9240 and 10332 kg ha -1 ), T 4 (1170, 5935, 8937 and 10213 kg ha -1 ) and T 7 (1143, 5567, 8591 and 9973 kg ha -1 ) at the respective growth stages. The lowest dry matter production was recorded under T 11 (100% Recommended PK) with 930, 4682, 7257 and 8262 kg ha -1 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and harvest, respectively. These findings are in close agreement with the reports of Midde et al. (2022) [11] .

Cob length was significantly influenced by the different nanofertilizer treatments. Treatment T 3 (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded the maximum cob length (22.0 cm), which was significantly superior to the remaining treatments. However, it was statistically on par with T 2 (21.7 cm), T 1 (21.0 cm), T 4 (20.7 cm) and T 7 (18.3 cm). The lowest cob length (15.0 cm) was recorded under T 11 (100% Recommended PK). The present findings are in accordance with Gopinath et al. (2025) [4] and Dokhe et al. (2024) [3] .

Cob girth was significantly influenced by the different nanofertilizer treatments. Treatment T₃ (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded the highest cob girth (47.5 mm), which was significantly superior to the remaining treatments. However, it was statistically on par with T 2 (46.7 mm), T 1 (44.0 mm), T 4 (43.5 mm) and T 7 (42.3 mm). The lowest cob girth (32.0 mm) was recorded under T 11 (100% Recommended PK). Similar findings were reported by Khardia et al. (2024) [9] and Muchhadiya et al. (2024) [12] .

Number of kernel rows cob -1

The number of kernel rows cob -1 was influenced by the different nutrient management treatments. Treatment T₃ (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded the highest number of kernel rows cob⁻¹ (20.7), which was statistically on par with T 2 (19.3), T 1 (18.7), T 4 (18.7) and T 7 (18.0). The lowest number of kernel rows cob -1 (13.3) was recorded under T 11 (100% Recommended PK). Similar findings were reported by Meena et al. (2023) [13] .

Number of kernel cob -1

The number of kernels cob -1 was significantly influenced by the different nano-fertilizer treatments. Treatment T 3 (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded the highest number of kernels cob -1 (577), which was significantly superior to the remaining treatments and remained statistically on par with T 2 (533), T 1 (521), T 4 (512) and T 7 (505). The lowest number of kernels cob -1 (318) was recorded under T 11 (100% Recommended PK). These results align with the findings of Meena et al. (2023) [13] and Sharma et al. (2023) [15] .

Test weight was significantly influenced by the different nanofertilizer treatments. Treatment T 3 (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25 -30 and 40 -45 DAS) recorded the highest test weight (36.6 g), which was significantly superior to the remaining treatments and remained statistically on par with T 2 (35.2 g), T 1 (34.9 g), T 4 (34.1 g) and T 7 (32.2 g). The lowest test weight (25.6 g) was recorded under T 11 (100% Recommended PK). These findings are in close agreement with Hemanth et al. (2025) [7] , Kashyap and Bainade (2022) [10] .

Grain yield was significantly affected by different nutrient management treatments. Treatment T 3 produced the highest grain yield (7959 kg ha -1 ), which was significantly superior to the remaining treatments and remained statistically on par with T 2 (7465 kg ha -1 ), T 1 (7379 kg ha -1 ), T 4 (7235 kg ha -1 ) and T 7 (7096 kg ha -1 ). The lowest grain yield was recorded under T 11 , followed by T 12 , primarily because of inadequate nitrogen supply that restricted vegetative growth and reproductive development. These finding are in close agreement with those reported by Rajesh et al. (2021) [14] , Kundu and Chhabra (2023) [8] , Borana et al. (2024) [2] , Hasanain et al. (2024) [6] and Muchhadiya et al. (2024) [12] .

Stover yield was also significantly influenced by different nutrient management treatments. Treatment T 3 recorded the highest stover yield (8696 kg ha -1 ) and remained statistically on par with T 2 (8473 kg ha -1 ), T 1 (8200 kg ha -1 ), T 4 (8295 kg ha -1 ) and T 7 (8073 kg ha -1 ). The lowest stover yield was recorded under T 11 , followed by T 12 , owing to reduced vegetative growth under nutrient-deficient conditions. These findings corroborate the reports of Midde et al. (2022) [11] , Sharma et al. (2023) [15] , Borana et al. (2024) [2] and Gogoi et al. (2024) [5] .

Harvest index%

Harvest index was not significantly influenced by different nutrient management treatments. Although slight numerical differences were observed among the treatments, the harvest index remained statistically comparable, indicating that nano fertilizer application enhanced both grain yield and biological yield proportionately without altering the partitioning efficiency of assimilates between economic and vegetative plant parts. T5-80% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 41.0 167.3 207.1 213.6 T6-60% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 36.1 161.5 203.9 209.9 T7-80% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 44.4 173.6 213.6 221.2 T8-60% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 42.7 135.1 187.5 195.8

T9-80% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 43.5 161.8 206.5 211.7 T10-60% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l 1224 4352 4884 2863 T2-100% Recommended NPK + 1 spray of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 DAS 1275 4591 5267 2871 T3-100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1319 4790 5480 3099 T4-100% Recommended NPK + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 1211 4299 4864 2859 T5-80% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1065 4016 4479 2742 T6-60% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1046 3867 4242 2722 T7-80% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 1117 4290 4789 2802 T8-60% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 1071 4044 4612 2376 T9-80% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1082 4206 4650 2710 T10-60% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l 1200 6137 9240 10332 T2-100% Recommended NPK + 1 spray of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 DAS 1230 6198 9338 10407 T3-100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1260 6227 9496 10754 T4-100% Recommended NPK + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 1170 5935 8937 10213 T5-80% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1050 5375 8117 9013 T6-60% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 960 4780 7425 8592 T7-80% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 1143 5567 8591 9973 T8-60% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 1080 5437 8143 9364 T9-80% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 1103 5442 8210 9401 T10-60% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS T9-80% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 17.3 41.7 18.0 427 29.7 T10-60% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 47.4 T2-100% Recommended NPK + 1 spray of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 DAS 7465 8473 46.9 T3-100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 7959 8696 47.8 T4-100% Recommended NPK + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l - 1 at 25-30 DAS 7235 8295 46.5 T5-80% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 6250 6933 47.3 T6-60% Recommended N and 100% P&K + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 5990 6778 46.9 T7-80% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 7096 8073 46.7 T8-60% Recommended P and 100% N&K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 at 25-30 DAS 6112 7067 46.3 T9-80% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -1 each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS 6229 7152 46.5 T10-60% Recommended N&P and 100% K + Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5 ml kg -1 seed + 1 spray of nano DAP @ 2.5 ml l -1 during 25-30 DAS + 2 sprays of nano urea plus @ 4 ml l -

Conclusion

Plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, cob length, cob girth, kernels cob⁻¹ and test weight were significantly influenced by the different nano-fertilizer treatments. Among the treatments, T₃ (100% Recommended NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Urea Plus @ 4 ml l⁻¹ each at 25-30 and 40-45 DAS) recorded the highest values for most of the growth, yield attributes and yield parameters and was found to be on par with T₂, T₁, T₄ and T₇. The superior performance of T₃ may be attributed to improved nitrogen availability, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased chlorophyll synthesis, higher photosynthetic activity and efficient translocation of assimilates, resulting in better vegetative growth, yield attributes and grain yield of maize.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementI express sincere gratitude to the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Polasa, Jagtial, PJTAU, for providing the facilities and guidance required for this study.

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