Population dynamics and integrated management of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach) in Mahrajganj District, Uttar Pradesh

Introduction

Mustard (Brassica juncea) is one of the most economically important oilseed crops cultivated globally, particularly in India where it holds significant agricultural and nutritional importance (Mushinamwar et al., 2024) [1] . However, mustard production faces considerable constraints due to infestation by a complex of insect pests, with the mustard aphid (L. erysimi Kaltenbach) emerging as the most destructive pest across all mustard-growing regions of the country. This pest is responsible for substantial yield losses, ranging from 11.6 to 99 percent, coupled with oil reduction of up to 15 percent, thus posing a severe threat to crop profitability and food security. Beyond direct damage through phloem feeding and sap extraction, mustard aphids serve as efficient vectors of single-stranded RNA lute viruses, further compromising crop health and marketability (Pal et al., 202-). Understanding the population dynamics of this pest is crucial for developing effective integrated pest management strategies. The mustard aphid exhibits complex seasonal population fluctuations influenced by various abiotic factors including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine hours (Kumar and Kumar, 2018) [2] . Research has demonstrated that aphid incidence typically commences in late December and persists until mid-March, with peak populations observed during early February under field conditions. Studies have shown that temperature plays a pivotal role in regulating aphid populations, with higher temperatures (>30 °C) leading to sharp population declines (Sharma, and Sharma 2024) [3] .

Additionally, natural enemies such as the seven-spotted ladybeetle (Coccinella septempunctata) and various syrphid flies have demonstrated significant potential in providing biological control (Manpoong et al., 2017). Chemical insecticides, although effective, have raised concerns regarding environmental contamination and harm to beneficial organisms (Pal et al., 2018) [4] . Consequently, there is growing interest in exploring integrated management approaches combining cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of biorational pesticides. The present investigation on population dynamics and integrated management of mustard aphid in Mahrajganj District, Uttar Pradesh, during Rabi 2025-26, was therefore undertaken to characterize the seasonal incidence patterns, elucidate the relationship between abiotic factors and population fluctuations, and evaluate the efficacy of various management modules to develop sustainable and economically viable control strategies for this economically important pest.

Specific Recommendations for Mahrajganj District, Uttar Pradesh

The incidence of mustard aphids was lethal and persisted up to ripening which resulted in significant loss in yield and quality of mustard seeds. Maximum and minimum temperature and morning and evening relative humidity prevailed during the crop growth period were generally congenial for the aphid development in the season of 2025-26. The mustard aphid infestation occurred in the last week of December and reached to the maximum level in the first week of February and afterwards, it started declining. The reasons for the lethality of mustard aphids could be attributed to the congenial environmental conditions, flurry of insecticidal applications and replacement of natural enemies by insecticides which favoured the pests. Region wise, the mustard aphids were first reported from Barhaj on mustard crop. The region wise trend in aphid population showed that it first occurred from Barhaj, where the degree of incidence was high followed by Pharenda, Mahrajganj, Ratanpur and Khutahar. Based on the findings, it is concluded that successful management of aphids could best be achieved through an integrated approach. This has become necessary as the pesticide application not only favoured the pest multiplication by destroying the natural enemies but also developing the resistance in aphid population. The integrated management strategies involves the use of aphid resistant mustard varieties, pesticides against them should preferably be deployed on the threshold levels, early field monitoring, adoption of appropriate cultural practices, conservation of mustard aphid natural enemies and additional use of selective pesticides like imidacloprid and acetamiprid followed by neem based products like neem oil and azadirachtin in sequence to manage the incidence on the pest thereby also protecting the natural enemies. The suggested integrated pest management strategy (early field monitoring, use of resistant mustard varieties, selective use of pesticides, conservation of natural enemies etc.) is urgently required for successful management of aphid population. Making decision for insecticide application based on weather parameters is becoming necessary to decree the wastage of chemical insecticides. This predictive device could be useful in decision strategy for reducing the levels of aphids by predicting their population based on weather parameters and deciding the timing of different management measures including deployment of pesticides.

Materials and Methods

Study site

A study was conducted on the population dynamics and integrated management of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kirk.) in Rabi season 2025-26 at Farmer training centre, Gramin Vikas Sansthan, Mahrajganj district (U.P.) The location a humid subtropical climate and soil is sandy loam in texture. The study was conducted according to the standard agronomic practices, which included all the plant protection treatments. The observations on aphid population was recorded 1st week of January 2026 during crop growth stages. The results showed that the mean population of mustard aphid showed gradually increased during crop growth stages in Rabi season 2025-26. The peak population of mustard aphid was recorded in 2nd week of February (27.3/10 cm.sq), when weather was favourable for aphids in mustard crop during Rabi season.

Experimental design

The experiment on mustard variety RH 761 was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications taking plot size of 5×4 m and the spacing was kept 30 × 10 cm. The seeds were sown in the spacing of 30×10 cm in the first week of November 2025. During the experimentation uniformity in terms of fertilizer, irrigation and intercultural operations was ensured for each plot. The seeds of mustard variety RH 761 were procured from the department of Agricultural Research Station at Mandor, Block -Osian, District -Jodhpur. 55 to 64 days are required for flowering and present study emphasized the need of proper nutrient management and time of application to realize the potential of the crop under irrigated condition.

Studies on population dynamics of mustard aphid

The population dynamics of mustard aphid were studied from the first appearance of the pest until crop maturity. Observations were recorded at weekly intervals according to the Standard Meteorological Week (SMW).

Evaluation of IPM module

The present study was carried out to evaluate the various components of integrated pest management modules against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) under field conditions. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were applied at Economic Threshold Level, i.e. two sprays, first spray at ETL, second spray 15 days after first spray. The different treatments evaluated are: Tarsonemid mite (Neoseiulus spp.) + Trichogramma spp. + NPV + Rynaxypyr 18.5 SC (10 ml/10 liters of water) + 4 % mustard oil emulsion + 4 % soap solution; Rynaxypyr 18.5 SC (75 ml/ha) + 4 % mustard oil emulsion + 4 % soap solution; Formulation of Neoseiulus spp. + Trichogramma spp. + Rynaxypyr 18.5 SC (75 ml/ha) + 4 % mustard oil emulsion; Rynaxypyr 18.5 SC (75 ml/ha); T. japonicum and T. chilonis @ 50,000/ha + Neem oil emulsion; T. japonicum and T. chilonis @ 50,000/ha; Untreated control. Regular monitoring of aphids on various treatments and conservation of natural enemies of aphids were carried out regularly to assess the performance of treatment against aphid population and conservation of natural enemies.

Treatment Details (Modules)

• T₁ (Absolute Control): No plant protection measures; sprayed with plain water. • T₂ (Chemical -Standard): Foliar spray of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L of water. • T₃ (Chemical -Organophosphate): Foliar spray of Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2.0 ml/L of water.

• T₄ (Botanical): Foliar spray of Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 5%. • T₅ (Biological): Foliar spray of Beauveria bassiana 1.15 WP @ 5 g/L of water. • T₆ (Integrated Module -A): Foliar spray of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L + NSKE 5%. • T₇ (Integrated Module -B): Foliar spray of Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2.0 ml/L + NSKE 5%.

• T₈ (Integrated Module -C -Seed Treatment):

Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5 g/kg seed + one foliar spray of NSKE 5%.

Preparation of NSKE 5% (Neem Seed Kernel Extract)

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is an indigenous plant and its various parts have been studied for their germicidal, antiviral, and anti-fertility properties. In this research, specially extracted 5% NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) is used to check its efficacy for plant protection in gregarious pests and diseases in different crops. Neem extract can be prepared by soaking 500 g of neem seed kernels in 5 litres of water, followed by the extraction of the active ingredient azadirachtin. The extract is then filtered through a muslin cloth and fine sieve; and its final volume is adjusted to 10 liters.

Recording observations

Observations on aphid population were recorded one day before treatment application and subsequently at 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after each spray (DAS) from the same tagged plants. Aphid counts were expressed as the number of aphids per 10 cm apical central shoot. Percent reduction over untreated control was also calculated.

Statistical analysis

The experimental data were compiled using Microsoft Excel and analysed using GRAPES (Genotype Research Analysis and Evaluation System) statistical software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate for a Randomized Block Design (RBD) was performed. Treatment means were compared using the Critical Difference (CD) test at the 5% level of significance (P=0.05). Correlation coefficients were computed to determine the relationship between aphid population and weather parameters.

Result and Discussion

Weekly population of L. erysimi on variety RohinI

The population fluctuation of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) was studied throughout the growing season of mustard during 2025-26 and correlated with various weather factors. The overall mean population of Lipaphis erysimi was 71.95±15.18 aphids per 10 cm twig with a range from 0.0 to 156.8 aphids per twig, but there was a significant fluctuation in its population throughout the growing season, remaining at a low level initially, then picking up in the middle and finally reducing to a minimum level. Peak population of aphids (156.8 aphids per twig) was registered in 4th Standard Meteorological Week (January month) with linear increase in population of Lipaphis erysimi. The correlation coefficient of population of Lipaphis erysimi was found as-0.848 for maximum temperature, -0.830 for minimum temperature, 0.772* for morning humidity, 0.811 * for evening humidity and -0.127 (NS) for rainfall which indicates that the maximum and minimum temperatures were an important factor for the fluctuation in the population of mustard aphids as the population were not observed when the maximum temperature reached 23.10 C. The humidity was also found to have a significant impact on the buildup of Lipaphis erysimi which may be correlated with the low humidity levels favouring infestation as high humidity disallows its infestation. These results were consistent with the results of Kumar & Kumar (2018) [2] , Singh et al. (2007) [5] and Venkateswarlu et al.

(2011) [6] . The results indicate that the aphid population and consequently the damage to the mustard crop can be controlled if the maximum temperature is monitored and maintained between 0.0 to 23.10 C. With the knowledge on the factors affecting its population, the incidence and population of Lipaphis erysimi can be managed accordingly. Climate factors shape the dynamics of aphid populations in terms of density and thereby pheromone arrestment in agricultural settings. Sahoo (2013) [7] estimated the regression equations for different meteorological factors responsible for population variability using stepwise regression analysis. The R² values of these botrytis regression equations varied from 0.707 to 0.412, exhibiting a significant relationship between various weather parameters and Sahu, (2015). A direct role of the weather in modulating aphid festivals and their multiplicative tendency has also been reported by Soni et al.

(2021) [8] , who attributed an adverse impact of the amount of rainfall on the population of aphids on oilseed Brassica in Himachal Pradesh where weather conditions favoured aphids due to increasing temperature. A similar report was also corroborated by Soni et al. (2023) [9] , which stated that the temperature and sunshine were the main driving forces for determining the population dynamics of Brevicoryne brassicae. A forecasting model for forecasting aphid infestation one week in advance was provided by Amjad et al.

(2022) [10] , who reported that thermal time had a predictive association with the multiplication of aphids. Lian et al.

(2022) [11] reported that minimum temperature at 18 °C and 900 mm rainfall are optimal climatic conditions for maximum population developments of the mustard aphid L. erysimi, while Forchibe et al. (2023) [12] recorded a marked increase in the abundance of aphids at low densities in response to high temperature and low humidity. In crops experienced with both water stress and elevated heat, offspring number generated by a single female was greatly decreased in Macrosiphum euphorbiae, reflecting the impact of concurrent climate stressors on the growth of aphid populations (Beetge & Krüger, 2019) [13] . Bashir et al. (2022) [10] found that humidity and rainfall had a positive correlation with the pest populations. The response to cold temperature is however species-specific with differential cold tolerance reported by Alford et al. (2014) [14] in aphid species. Due to delayed effects of temperature on spring dynamics, Brabec et al.

(2014) [15] observed a break from the classical, favorable warmth hypothesis through a 24-year dataset.

Aphid population dynamics on cotton

The dynamics of aphid populations on mustard variety RH 761 was studied for a period of eleven weeks. The observations were made at the weekly intervals, and it is clear from the data (Table 4) that the aphid population started building up on the plant from 29 December onwards and attained its peak 169.8 aphids/10 cm twig on 28 January. The number started decreasing thereafter and the terminal population was zero by 11 March. The overall mean of aphid population during the study period was 73.10±15.73 (mean ± SE) aphids/10 cm twig and the critical difference was found to be 48.46 at 5% level of significance. Since there were no replicates for the study, this data has a limitation. Nevertheless, the overall observation on the aphid population has shown a trend as established by different research workers (Ram et al., 2025) [16] . In the mustard aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) on Brassica juncea, it has been observed that there is a peak during early January (temperature range 11.9-25.6 °C) (Nowsheen et al., 2025) [17] followed with increase in number (temperature range 27.8-37.3 °C) (Fakhouri et al., 2021) [18] . Cowpea aphids show sigmoidal growth as demonstrated in the population thirty. The peak densities of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora) are also seen to be shifted during the different temperature ranges i.e. 17-24 °C. Pea aphids during spring shows positive correlation with the maximum temperature and negative correlation with humidity (BM et al., 2026). Temperature influences life-history traits (survivorship and fecundity) of aphids during the year. Therefore, the importance of meteorological parameters showing correlation with the abundance of aphids cannot be disregarded. (Kim & Kwon, 2019) [19] In a study for a long term over 40 years (Harrington et al.), the migration patterns of aphids have been explained to be a result of the changes in temperature. Almogdad et al., (2024) [20] explained that the meteorological parameters could explain 67.1-99.9% of the abundance variation and as per their study they were reported as the main factors responsible for the abundance. ), The results of the effectiveness of the treatment returns showed that very effective to reduce the population of the insect as misguided direction to Lactic acid to increase bio control with environmentally friendly and low to high cost of production applied through this method influenced effect of Beauveria bassiana was fortified impactor above (T₃) selected for compatible with IPM for managing Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt)

in the mustard crop. The maximum efficiency NSKE (60-80% reduction) and Dimethoate (70-80% reduction). The maximum 63.92 percent reduction of this treatment but in the yield data treatment to T₁T₄ have no significant difference (Thaochan et al., 2021) [21] . The beneficial fungus Lecanicillium lecanii (Petch), the treatment of minimizing 76.18 percent effective in reducing the pest population at the end of the crop and the yield was maximum in the treatment but incompatible with IPM (Prasad et al., 2025) [22] . Later date stays quality of this beneficial fungus control of this fungus to target with the insect pest Beeshr vine pest of mustard crop. The synergistic effects of Beauveria bassiana above capacity is to be effective at the same time the treatment of the past. In this treatment directed recline of aphids to others by increasing predatory beetle and formation by butor of bees' species thus in this way in reducing the productivity gets growers do not damage to the environment dimension through the seed imidacloprid (neonicotinoids) effectiveness of crop provide long-lasting control. The good variation benefits of seed treatments must be take (T₁) obtain as more as long-lasting no control further treatment. In this case, the nitrogen source agriculture. Neembased formulations are the invective and efficient effect in maximum production process sand of the minimum pest populations (Abbas et al., 2025) [23] . [24] . Thus, International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics 100 higher economic returns could be achieved with detailed economic assessments of integrated pest management strategies. Thus, it can be concluded that Integrated Pest Management is the key for pesticides minimization, pest control efficacy along with economic viability (Santhosh et al., 2025) [25] . Reduced reliance on pesticides remains a priority for national and international governments, producers and consumers. As such the judicious use of chemical pest management methods, integrated with these ideal biological methods, has been shown to be sustainable, providing a pathway towards sustainable crop protection and agricultural productivity (Yadav et al., 2022) [26] . [27] . The T₆ module (imidacloprid + NSKE) had a C: B of 1:1.25; imidacloprid achieved 92.4% pest reduction (BCR 3.12), while 5% NSKE gave 51.7% yield gains. B. bassiana showed positive yield effects (BCR 1:0.65) but slower action than chemicals, so economic validation must account for biological agents' nature (Rauf et al., 2026) [28] . [29] . IPM advantages include host plant resistance, natural pest control, reduced chemical inputs/residues, and better resource use. In rice, IPM reduced yellow stem borer by 21.91% and brown plant hopper incidence by 45.95% of area, with no postflowering damage.

Biopesticides and mating disruption cut cultivation costs by 15.60%; 5% NSKE gave 90.44% thrips reduction. IPM rice yielded 19.85 q/ha (utility gain 3.1) versus 14.5 q/ha (1.8) (Santhosh et al., 2025) [25] . Kinnow mandarin IPM (2021-23) achieved the highest yield and B:C (Khan et al., 2026) [30] [31] . However, sustained adoption requires farmers to understand economic benefits, ease of implementation, independent success evidence, market access to biodegradable inputs, and continued incentives or assistance (Singh et al., 2020) [32] .

Conclusion

The study on dynamics and management of mustard aphid was carried out in the Rabi season of 2025-26 at the farmer's fields of Mahrajganj district of Uttar Pradesh. The population of mustard aphid followed a sigmoidal pattern of growth with aphid peak in the month of early February (169.8 aphids/10 cm twig) and reduced thereafter.

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