Effect of xylanase and β-mannanase supplementation in energy-reduced diets on biochemical parameters and economic performance of weaner crossbred pigs
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of xylanase and β-mannanase supplementation on performance of weaner crossbred pigs fed on reduced energy diets, 24 weaner crossbred pig (irrespective of sex) around 2 months of age were divided into four experimental groups with 6 pigs in each group based on body weight. Experimental pigs were fed standard pig weaner diet as per BIS (2023) feeding standard. Where T0 group received basal diet (standard pig weaner diet as per BIS, 2023), T1 group received diet containing reduced energy by 100 kcal ME/kg of T0 diet (negative control group), T2 group received diet as T1 group along with xylanase enzyme supplementation (@ 100 g/ton), T3 group received diet as T1 along with β-mannanase enzyme supplementation (@ 100 g/ton). Total experimental period was 60 days. Serum biochemical parameters including SGPT, SGOT, total protein, albumin, BUN and creatinine of weaner crossbred pigs. The results revealed no significant (p > 0.05) differences among the treatment groups for all biochemical parameters, indicating that inclusion of xylanase and β-mannanase did not adversely affect protein metabolism or physiological status of weaner crossbred pigs. Total recurring cost (Rs.) was 4367.43, 4112.36, 4143.39 and 4180.96 in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The recurring cost (Rs.)/kg body weight gain was 175.33, 171.49, 153.69 and 147.89 in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Moreover, the use of xylanase and β-mannanase enzyme in reduced-energy diets for weaner crossbred pigs is economical without affecting biochemical parameters.
Full Text
Tables and figures are in the full-text PDF.
Introduction
Price volatility and availability of feedstuffs used in pig feeds drive the need to efficiently use readily available and economically favorable coproducts in formulation. Typically, increased inclusion of coproducts results in an increase in non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) that are not digestible by endogenous enzymes of pigs and thus the supplementation of feed enzymes targeting specific types of NSP has been implemented [1] . Hence, reducing costs and making pig feed more efficient remains a top priority for the pig industry. One promising approach to increasing pig diets nutritional efficiency involves using exogenous enzymes in ME-reduced diets. Maize and soybean meal are major feed ingredients used in pig nutrition. However, the presence of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in these feedstuffs can negatively affect nutrient utilization and animal performance. Whole maize grain contains approximately 27-32 g/kg of xylose in the form of arabinoxylans located mainly in the pericarp and aleurone layers [8] , which contributes to reduced nutritional value of maize-based diets [7] . Supplementation of xylanase has been shown to hydrolyze arabinoxylans by targeting the β-1,4-linked xylopyranose backbone of xylan, thereby improving nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pigs [4] . Similarly, pig diets often contain β-mannan, another NSP that adversely affects digestive physiology and gut function [5] . Due to the lack of endogenous enzymes capable of degrading α-1,6-galactosyl and β-1,4-mannosyl bonds, β-mannan is poorly digested in pigs [14] . Exogenous β-mannanase can degrade β-mannan into manno-oligosaccharides and mannose [6] , potentially improving nutrient availability and intestinal health. Therefore, the present study was evaluating the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase and β-mannanase, either alone or in combination, in metabolizable energyreduced diets for weaned pigs. The study specifically aimed to investigate their influence on blood biochemical parameters as well as the economic efficiency of production through assessment of feed cost, cost per kilogram of body weight gain, and overall profitability.
Materials and Methods
The g/ton of feed, T 3 -T 1 + β-mannanase enzyme supplementation @ 100 g/ton of feed.
Biochemical parameters
Blood samples were collected aseptically, in clot activating vials by ear vein puncture in treatment group on 0th, 30th and 60th day of the experiment. Blood was left to coagulate and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min, to obtain serum and was stored in serum storage vials at-20 °C until analyzed. Serum biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, Blood urea nitrogen, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Creatinine were estimated using standard commercial diagnostic kits.
Economics
Economics of the production of pigs is calculate based on the recurring expenditure incurred during the experimental period.
Statistical analysis
The data obtained were subjected to analysis of one-way ANOVA described by Snedecor and Cochran (1994) [12] .
Means showing significant differences in the ANOVA table are compare using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (Stell and Toorie, 1980) [13] . [9] . A similar observation is reported by Jo et al., (2012) [10] , who find that exogenous enzyme supplementation in corn-soybean meal-based diets does not significantly affect blood urea nitrogen and total protein concentrations in growing pigs, supporting the present findings.
Result and Discussion Biochemical Parameters
A similar result is reported by Lan et al., (2017) [11] who observe that xylanase supplementation in corn-soybean meal-based diets for weaning pigs does not significantly affect serum creatinine concentrations among dietary treatments. In relation to the current findings, Ao et al.
(2011) [2] also concluded that supplementing a carbohydrase cocktail in finishing pigs fed palm kernel meal-based diets did not affect blood profiles, as total protein, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations remained similar across all treatments. Dietary supplementation with xylanase and β-mannanase did not negatively affect the serum biochemical parameters of weaner crossbred pigs. Even though the diet had reduced energy, the enzymes helped maintain normal metabolic health similar to pigs on the control diet.
Economics
The effect of xylanase and β-mannanase supplementation in low-energy diets on the economics of weaner crossbred pigs is presented in
Conclusion
The present study revealed that xylanase (@ 100 g/ton) and β-mannanase (@ 100 g/ton) supplementation in low-energy diets no adverse effect on biochemical parameters on weaner crossbred pigs. The economic analysis indicates that xylanase and β-mannanase enzymes supplementation, particularly β-mannanase, provides a cost-effective strategy for improving pig production in low-energy diets. Energy level can be reduced in weaner crossbred pigs diet by 100kcal ME/kg than standard by supplementing their diets with xylanase (@ 100 g/ton) and β-mannanase (@ 100 g/ton) without any adverse effect on weaner crossbred pigs for economical pig production. Overall, it can be concluded that xylanase and β-mannanase (@ 100 g/ton) can be supplementation in weaner crossbred pigs diet cost of production without affecting biochemical parameters.
Acknowledgement
AcknowledgmentThe authors express sincere gratitude to Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, for providing necessary facilities to conduct this research work. The authors are also thankful to the staff of the Pig Farm, AICRP on Pig, for their support during the experimental period. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research https://www.biochemjournal.com
References
- Adeola O, Cowieson AJ. Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Journal of Animal Science. 2011;89:3189-3218.
- Ao X, Zhou TX, Meng QW, Lee JH, Jang HD, Cho JH, et al. Effects of a carbohydrase cocktail supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and meat quality in finishing pigs fed palm kernel meal. Livestock Science. 2011;137(1-3):238-243.
- Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Draft Indian Standard Pig Feeds-Specification. 2nd rev. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2023.
- Cheng H, Li Z, Zhang F, Liu S, Jiang Q, Chen J, et al. Effects of xylanase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, and faecal microbiota in growing pigs fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets. Journal of Animal Science. 2022;100(10):258-270.
- Choct M, Hughes RJ, Trimble RP, Angkanaporn K, Annison G. Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes increase the performance of broiler chickens fed wheat of low apparent metabolizable energy. The Journal of Nutrition. 1995;125(3):485-492.
- Dhawan S, Kaur J. Microbial mannanases: an overview of production and applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2007;27(4):197-216.
- Dierick N, Decuypere J. Enzymes and growth in pigs. In: Principles of Pig Science. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press; 1994. p. 169-195.
- Doner LW, Johnston DB, Singh V. Analysis and properties of arabinoxylans from discrete corn wetmilling fiber fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001;49(3):1266-1269.
- Dutta J, Hussain M, Upadhyaya S, Pame K. Estimation of normal biochemical parameters in indigenous pig of Assam. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 2020;9(9):670-675.
- Jo JK, Ingale SL, Kim JS, Kim YW, Kim KH, Lohakare JD, et al. Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation to corn-and soybean meal-based or complex diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 2012;90(9):3041-3048.
- Lan R, Li T, Kim I. Effects of xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, faecal microbiota, faecal score and faecal noxious gas emission of weaning pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet. Animal Science Journal. 2017;88(9):1398-1405.
- Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. 7th ed. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.; 1994. p. 445.
- Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. 2nd ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1980.
- Veum TV, Odle J. Feeding neonatal pigs. In: Lewis AJ, Southern LL, editors. Swine Nutrition. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p. 671-690.
How this paper connects to the literature. Drag to explore, click any node to open that paper.