Influence of bio-enhancers and bio-fertilisers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) cv. winter dawn

The research titled "Influence of Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilisers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch) cv.Winter Dawn" was carried out at the Horticulture Experiment Field, Department of Horticulture, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, in the year 2025-26.The main aim was to assess the impact of Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers on strawberry growth, yield, and quality.The experiment comprised nine treatments featuring various combinations of Panchagavya, Jeevamrit, and Azotobacter, PSB.The results indicated significant enhancements in plant growth, yield, and fruit quality when compared to the control group.The application of bio-enhancers and bio-fertilizers resulted in increased plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content, which in turn facilitated improved photosynthesis and fruit production.Yield characteristics such as fruit weight, size, and quantity were also positively affected.Additionally, bio-enhancers and bio-fertilizers enhanced fruit quality metrics, including total soluble solids.This study proposes that utilizing bio-enhancers and bio-fertilizers represents a sustainable and environmentally friendly method to enhance strawberry cultivation, thereby decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Statistical evaluation of the collected data indicated significant variations among treatments for all assessed parameters.Particularly, the treatment T6 Panchagavya @3%+ Azotobacter @ 2.5 kg/ha, followed by treatment T8 Jeevamrit @20% + Azotobacter @ 2.5 kg/ha, consistently surpassed other treatments across the majority of parameters.Another notably effective treatment was T5 Jeevamrit @20% + Azotobacter @ 2.5 kg/ha, which consistently outperformed other treatments across most parameters, achieving the highest plant spread (25.00 cm), number of plants (28.00), and days to flowering (32.66 days).The findings highlight the efficacy of Panchagavya and Jeevamrit, which can further enhance growth and fruit quality by promoting growth quality and enhancing fruit set.The favorable effects of biofertilizers, particularly those that include nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can enhance the availability of vital nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) in the soil.Consequently, this can result in higher plant yields and better overall plant health.Additionally, certain Biofertilizers assist in the solubilization of phosphorus, thereby making it more accessible to the roots of plants.In summary, the incorporation of bio-enhancers and bio-fertilizers in the growth, yield, and quality of strawberries, especially those containing PSB, significantly enhances growth and quality attributes such as plant height, plant spread, and yield.

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Plant height (cm) and Plant spread (cm): Control vs Panchagavya@3%+Azotobact...Close ×

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No. Days to 1st fruiting and Fruit yield/ha (kg): Control vs Panchagavya@3%+Azotobact...Close ×

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Introduction

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a temperate fruit crop a member of family Rosaceae, with a chromosome number 2n = 56, is a hybrid of genus Fragaria. It was bred for the first time in Brittany, France in 1750 s by crossing two American diploids namely, Fragaria virginiana of North America and Fragaria chiloensis which was brought from Chile (Staudt, 1989). The present cultivars of (Fragaria ananassa Duch) cv. Winter Dawn. There are about 20 recognized species of strawberries in five chromosome groups (x=7): ten diploid, one pentaploid, one hexaploidy and four Octaploids. (Staudt, 1999;Jiajun et al. 2005) [9] which behaves as an annual in sub-tropical region and perennial in temperate region of strawberry. It is an herbaceous crop with prostate growth habit, being one of the most important soft fruits of the world after grape. Being nutritional composition rich.

In vitamin A (60 IU/100g), vitamin C (30-120 mg /100g), fibre iron pectin content (0.55%) and ellagic acid, which has anti cancerous property, strawberry is mainly use as fresh fruit beside antioxidant, it also contains very good amount of phenol, flavonoids, which also exhibit a high level of antioxidant capacity against free radical species. Production of strawberry is presently cultivated in about 75 countries (FAO, 2007). NHB data 2018-19 shows that area and production of strawberry was 1,000 ha. And 5,000 MT respectively. Strawberry is basically a fruit of temperate climate, but during the recent years, Strawberry is being grown in the hilly. Regions of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Nilgeeri hills. Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, Shimla, Solan, Kangra, Kull, Palampur of Himachal Pradesh, Muzaffarnagar, Ghaziabad and Bilaspur of Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir and Uttrakhand About highest level grown countries USA, Spain, Italy, Poland, Mexico and China, particularly between 1200 to 2100m about mean sea level highly grown in strawberry, It is an herbaceous crop with prostate growth habit, which behaves as an annual in sub-tropical region and perennial in temperate region and has gained the status of being one of the most important soft-fruit of the world after grape and ellagic acid, which has anti cancerous property, strawberry is mainly used as fresh fruit. Besides, antioxidants.it also contain very good number of phenols, flavonoids, which also exhibit a high level of antioxidant capacity against free radical species. Bio-fertilizers such as Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a vital role in enhancing nutrient availability during winter when mineralization of nutrients is slow, the use of bio-enhancers such as Panchagavya and Jeevamrit has been commercially adopted to enhance both the production and quality of strawberries.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods

Experimental site Geographical Location

The experimental work was performed at the Horticulture Experiment Field of the Department of Horticulture, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Chatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kalyanpur. This location is positioned at 26°44'N latitude and 82°33'E longitude. The average altitude is 318 meters above sea level. Geographically, it is situated on the right bank of the Ganga River in the central-western region of Uttar Pradesh, within the flat Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Climatic and Weather Conditions

The climate in Kanpur is characterized as a humid subtropical climate influenced by monsoons (Cwa). Summers are marked by high temperatures and humidity, with mercury levels potentially climbing to 48.2°C. Winters are cool and arid, with average temperatures hovering around 25.3°C. The monsoon period contributes substantial precipitation, with an annual rainfall averaging approximately 939mm. Temperatures begin to decline in November and remain low until February. During the winter months, the average temperature is recorded at 14°C.

Planting Material

The plant material utilized consisted of healthy Tissue culture plant of the strawberry cultivar 'Winter Dawn,' which were sourced from (CISH) Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture Lucknow.

Selection of Cultivar

The Winter Dawn strawberry cultivar is significant due to its excellent performance within the Kanpur climate, offering superior fruit production compared to alternative cultivars. Consequently, the Winter Dawn cultivar was chosen for this particular investigation.

Experimental field preparation

The experimental site for planting strawberry plants underwent thorough preparation, involving repeated ploughing and removal of weeds, grasses, and plant residue Raised beds of 15-20 cm in height were created for the purpose of planting the strawberry plants,

Mulching:

A beneficial practice for strawberries, was employed to enhance fruit quality and yield, improve soil conditions, and protect the plants from pests and diseases., Black polythene sheets were used to mulch the beds, effectively managing weeds, maintaining soil temperature, preventing rotting, retaining moisture, and ultimately improving fruit quality.,

Experimental treatments details

Experimental treatments details

S. No. Symbol

Treatment details 1 T1 Control (without bio-fertilizers and Bio-enhancers) 2 T2 Panchagavya @3% 3 T3 Jeevamrit @20% 4 T4 Azotobacter @2.5kg/ha 5 T5 [email protected]/kg 6 T6 Panchagavya @3% + Azotobacter @2.5kg/ha 7 T7 Panchagavya @3% [email protected]/kg 8 T8 Jeevamrit @20%+ Azotobacter @2.5kg/ha 9 T9 Jeevamrit @20%+ [email protected]/kg 10 T10 Azotobacter @2.5kg/[email protected]/kg

Statistical analysis

The data were analysed according to the procedure for analysis randomized block design (R.B.D.). The overall Significance of Differences among the treatments was tested, using critical difference (C.D.) at 5% level of significance. The data are presented in the form of tables and graphs

Results and Discussion

This chapter details the findings from the current research project, titled "influence of Bio-enhancers and Biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x Ananassa duch) cv. winter dawn" This study was conducted from 2025 to 2026 at the Horticulture experiment field, within the Department of Horticulture at the School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The gathered data, pertaining to various indicators assessed to determine the impact of "influence of Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (fragaria x ananassa duch)" on the Winter Dawn strawberry cultivar, underwent statistical analysis using established methodologies to ascertain their significance. Furthermore, the influence of biofertilizer on soil fertility levels was also examined within the scope of this investigation. The outcomes for all experimental conditions are presented in this chapter. In addition to tabular representations, experimental results have been illustrated with plates were deemed appropriate. The findings of this research are organized and presented under relevant subheadings. The greatest plant height was recorded in treatment T 6 , which involved the application of Panchagavya at a 3% concentration combined with Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha. This was closely followed by treatment T 8 , which utilized Panchagavya, a 3% concentration along with Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha. In contrast the control group exhibited an average plant height of 14.21 cm, which was not statistically different from some of the treatment groups.

. The recorded data concerning vegetation expanse at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting (DAP) showed a significant impact from the application of Bio-fertilizers and Bioenhancers within the scope of this study. Treatment T 6 (Panchagavya at 3% along with Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha) yielded the greatest vegetation expanse, measuring 22.23 cm. This was followed by treatment T Exhibited a singnificant influences across the diverse treatments examined within the scope of this investigation. The shortest period to first fruiting, recorded at 18.66 days, the data clearly indicates that the application of bioenhancers and bio-fertilizers at 2.5 kg/ha, along with Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha, resulted in these varied outcomes. the highest flower count per plant (28.33) was recorded with treatment T 6 , which involved Panchagavya at 3% concentration combined with Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha.

Treatments including Panchagavya at 3%, Jeevamrit at 20%, Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha, PSB at 2.5 kg/ha, Panchagavya at 3% plus Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha, Panchagavya at 3% plus PSB at 2.5 kg/ha, and Jeevamrit at 20% plus PSB at 2.5 kg/ha, the largest fruit diameter (41.43 cm) was recorded with treatment T6, which involved Panchagavya at 3% and Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha. This measurement was statistically distinct from all other treatments. The smallest fruit diameter (35.10) was noted in the control group, designated as T 1 (Control). The findings that the application of various bio-enhancer and bio-fertilizer treatments had a notable impact on yield within the scope of this study. The highest yield, measuring 133.38 q, was achieved with treatment T 6 , which involved Panchagavya at a 3% concentration combined with Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha. Conversely, the lowest yield, observed at 182.06 g, was recorded under treatment T 4 , consisting solely of Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha.

Conclusion

The current study substantiates prior results concerning the effectiveness of a treatment combining Panchagavya at 3% and Azotobacter at 2.5 kg/ha for enhancing the vegetative growth quality of the strawberry cultivar Winter Dawn. Furthermore, these two treatments contributed to an elevated soil fertility status, specifically through an increase in soil organic carbon. Consequently, treatments T 6 (Panchagavya @3% + Azotobacter @ 2.5 kg/ha) and T8 (Jeevamrit @ 20% + Azotobacter @ 2.5 kg/ha) are recommended as optimal interventions for augmenting the yield potential of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn while preserving soil fertility. Panchagavya, an organic formulation, demonstrates capacity for fostering plant growth and bolstering plant immunity. Jeevamrit, being entirely organic, exerts no adverse effects on soil health. Signifying its role in promoting production and sustaining soil vitality. Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers leading the better growth, yield and high improved quality base production of the strawberry. ''Better Production and Environment''.

Chhatrapati Shahu ji Maharaj University Kanpur Uttar Pradesh India, for granting permission to conduct the experiment at the Horticultural Experiment Field. This work forms part of the M.Sc. thesis of the first author submitted to Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The guidance provided by advisor Dr. Shiwanand Pandey throughout the course of the experiment is gratefully acknowledged to provide the necessary facilities to conduct the research work.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the support rendered by Professor Dr. Shiwanand Pandey, Head, Department of Horticulture, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and Technology,

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Effect of Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers on growth and flowering parameters of strawerry.

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Effect of Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers on growth and flowering parameters of strawerry.

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Treatment	No. Days to 1st fruiting	Fruit diameter (cm)	Fruit yield/plant (gm)	Fruit yield/ha (kg)	Fruit yield/ha (q)
Control	31.00	26.66	165.36	7.15	81.70
Panchagavya @3%	26.33	28.53	182.70	9.36	110.03
Jeevamrit@20%	28.33	29.23	192.03	10.27	96.50
[email protected]/ha	27.00	31.43	202.06	9.35	107.50
[email protected]/ha	28.00	36.03	182.06	8.65	105.96
Panchagavya@3%[email protected]/ha	26.66	38.33	223.10	11.41	133.38
Panchagavya @3% + [email protected]/ha	25.66	35.10	212.20	10.33	122.03
Jeevamrit @20% + [email protected]/ha	24.33	38.06	213.93	10.31	122.93
Jeevamrit @20% + [email protected]/ha	23.33	36.96	225.60	11.18	130.33
[email protected]/ha+ [email protected]/ha	23.00	35.93	212.33	12.31	130.50
C.D	1.25	0.68	4.90	0.30	4.00
SE(m)	0.42	0.22	1.63	0.10	1.33

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Treatment	TSS (Brix)	Titratable acidity (%)	Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)	Total sugar (%)
Control	7.16	0.72	0.74	4.30
Panchagavya @3%	8.71	0.77	0.76	4.33
Jeevamrit@20%	8.25	0.78	0.77	4.40
[email protected]/ha	8.63	0.78	0.78	4.46
[email protected]/ha	8.20	0.80	0.78	4.46
Panchagavya@3%[email protected]/ha	9.78	0.82	0.82	4.93
Panchagavya @3% + [email protected]/ha	9.23	0.78	0.80	4.50
Jeevamrit @20% + [email protected]/ha	9.26	0.81	0.81	4.93
Jeevamrit @20% + [email protected]/ha	9.30	0.84	0.78	4.66
[email protected]/ha+ [email protected]/ha	9.26	0.83	0.78	4.56
C.D	0.25	0.014	0.03	0.026
SE(m)	0.08	0.005	0.009	0.175

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