Quantitative analysis of green open space allocation in response of freight transportation to carbon emissions in Indian metropolitan area

Introduction

India has a unique culture and is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. India has achieved all-round socio-economic progress since its Independence. India covers an area of 32, 87,263 sq. km, extending from the snow-covered Himalayan heights to the tropical rain forests of the south. As the 7th largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8° 4' and 37° 6' north, longitudes 68° 7' and 97° 25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516. 6 km. An open space is a piece of land that is undeveloped and is accessible to the public. Green space that is land which is partially or completely covered by grass, trees or other vegetation, due to rapid urbanization and unplanned construction our green space was converted to concrete which has disbalance our environment. The restoration strategies can be employed to restore our rapidly vanishing green space [3] . A third of India's population currently lives in cities. It is projected that by 2030, the urban population will increase by 590 million and its economic contribution will surge to 75 per cent of GDP from the current 65 per cent. With a growing population and as centers of economic growth, Indian cities face complex infrastructural challenges and environmental degradation due to rapid urbanization and climate change. Consequently, cities must undertake sustained actions to prepare for and develop their ability to thrive in the changing environment.

In accordance with the need for sustainable urban planning and climate-informed development actions across Indian cities, the Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) was developed and rolled out by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). It is a first-of-its-kind self-assessment framework on climate-relevant parameters with intent to provide a roadmap to Indian cities towards mainstreaming climate actions within current and future policies, programs and projects. Emissions that give a great impact is the CO2 emissions of the pollutants that have a large contribution toward global warming and climate change [5] . Green open space is function to suppress the negative effects of the built environment in urban areas, such as increased air temperatures, a decrease in the level of water infiltration and humidity, and others [6] . Green Open Space has a necessary environmental role especially in urban areas where the demand for build up land increases persistently. It is also integrated government office complex [2] . With a vision to be more aspirational and progressive, the current CSCAF assesses the climate performance of cities, encompassing national and international initiatives including but not limited to National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, Nationally Determined Contributions, Sustainable Development Goals and Sendai Framework for Disaster Management. In 2020, under CSCAF 2.0, 126 cities including 100 Smart Cities, capital cities and other cities were assessed on these parameters. This study will assess the comprehensive determination of green open space that is required for each area in Indian different cities as a public green open space of CO2 emissions that is generated by each respective area / region of the transportation sector. The study used to method collecting of the data emission CO2 from transportation sector based on types of the road transportation in Indians cities. Apart of the data emission CO2 in each area, the large area of data in India to get the large of green open space in different city in India from the 20% total distance of these cities including Mumbai, Delhi, Bhopal, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Pune, Jaipur, Bhubaneswar, Indore and Ranchi. The goal of this study is to calculating the large of green open space in India cities from data of the large each area and data emission of CO2 in each area in India from transportation sector.

Preliminaries 2.1 Transportation Model

Suppose a company has m origins (factory, warehouses etc) and n destinations (warehouses, stores etc). A single product is to be shipped from origins to the destinations. Each level of supply and each origin have a given level of demand. We are also given the transportation cost between every pair of origins and destinations and these costs are assumed to be linear. So mathematically notation of the transportation problem can be stated as Step 1: Here, Total demand (= 2500) is less than to Total Supply (= 3200). So we add a dummy demand constraint with 0-unit cost and with allocation 700. Now the modified table is got as follows Step 2: Now apply Vogel Approximation Method to find allocation of products to get basic feasible solution, We get the allocation between cities as follows Here, the number of allocated cells = 11 is equal to 𝑚 + 𝑛 -1 = 6 + 6 -1 = 11

This solution is non-degenerate

Step 3: Now, apply optimality test to get optimal solution is as follows We get the allocation between cities as follows Step 4

Here found that fuel consumption and carbon emission between two cities that have allocation of products with the help of equation (2.4) and (2.6) Step 6: Calculation of the area of GREEN OPEN SPACE (GOS) in the Indian metropolitan cities = Multiply 20% of the total area of the city with percentage of GOS is divided by 20.

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