Influence of plant growth regulators on propagation techniques of fruit crops: A comprehensive review

Its exogenous application produces a consistent influence on root development. NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid) is another commonly utilized synthetic auxin that is suitable for cutting roots and has a beneficial effect on the majority of plant species (Saeed et al., 2021) [27] . Advancements in tissue culture techniques have revolutionized fruit crop propagation, allowing for mass production of disease-free, uniform, and high-yielding plants. Plant growth regulators are fundamental in micropropagation protocols, where cytokinins promote shoot multiplication, auxins induce root development, and gibberellins regulate elongation (Singh and Singh, 2018) [35,38,39,43,44] . The application of PGRs in in vitro propagation has been particularly beneficial for crops with slow or difficult traditional propagation methods, such as bananas, citrus, and apples. Furthermore, somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, driven by specific PGR combinations, have provided a means to develop new plant varieties and overcome propagation barriers.

Application of growth regulators in fruit crop vegetative propagation 2.1 Pomegranate

Singh, (2014) [36,47] recorded that the maximum number of sprouted cuttings, average sprout length, average number of leaves, percentage of rooted cutting, number of primary roots, and average root length were observed in the 5g. L-1 concentration of IBA among all treatments. Sharma et al. (2009) [31] investigated how PGRs affected pomegranate cuttings. The results indicated that IBA 500 ppm + Borax 1% produced the greatest rooting, quantity, and length of roots in both semi-hard and hard wood cuttings. IBA 500 ppm + Borax 1%, IBA 300 ppm + Borax 2%, and IBA 5000 ppm cuttings all maintained their highest field survival rates. Cuttings of hard wood react more favourably to the hormonal treatment than cuttings of semi-hard wood. Mehta et al. (2018) [20] reported that the T3 (January 25th) planting period had the highest percentage of rooted cuttings (71.11%), number of sprouted cuttings (7.11), number of sprouts per cutting (4.00), and number of leaves on new shoots (10.89). When it came to IBA concentration, the C1 (500 ppm IBA) treatment produced the greatest number of sprouted cuttings (7.33), number of sprouts per cutting (4.66), length of the longest sprout (7.28 cm), number of leaves on new shoots (10.66), and percentage of rooted cuttings (73.33%). Indole butyric acid, is a synthetic plant hormone. It actively prevents developing shoots' axillary buds from breaking and promotes the initiation of roots. It encourages cell elongation, which helped to the growth of the roots (Singh, 2017).

Guava

Guava plants can be multiplied by grafting, cutting, budding, layering, inarching, and seeding. However, the best way to propagate this crop is still air-layering combined with exogenous auxin treatment, which stimulates the growth of longer roots. To promote plant growth, particularly producing roots with improved vigor in layering, growth regulators such as IBA have been applied. However, time, rooting media, and environmental factors all have an important effect on auxin effects (Saroj and Singh, 2020; Singh, 2018) [28,35,38,39,43,44] . The findings indicated that softwood cuttings treated with paclobutrazol at 1000 ppm solution had the most sprouting (71.22%), the most branches (3.44), the highest root weight (1.46 g), and the best survival (57.22%). In soft wood cuttings treated with IBA at 1000 ppm, the longest shoot (8.24 cm) and the greatest number of roots (59.66) were observed (Ullah and others, 2005) [54] . According to Kareem et al. (2016), the IBA (4000 ppm) produced the best results in terms of average root length, number of roots per cutting, and sprouting percentage.

Grapes

Grape is normally propagated through stem cuttings. Vegetative propagation in fruit crops works faster than seed propagation. Auxin application has been found to enhance the histological features like formation of callus and tissue and differentiation of vascular tissue. Internal factors affecting rooting of cuttings include the amount of stored food in cuttings. (Singh and Chauhan, 2020) [48] . One of the most important components in the formation of rooted cuttings is the rooting media. It is among the elements influencing grape cutting growth and roots. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) treated with 4000 mg/l IBA (indol-3-butyric acid) produced the greatest number of roots (Glavi et al., 2013) [12] .

Citrus

Vegetative propagation is used in the commercial production of citrus (Citrus spp.). With the exception of India, stem cutting is the most significant vegetative propagation technique worldwide. While the mist house growing condition was found to be efficient in enhancing the cuttings' success rate, the cuttings treated with a high concentration of IBA performed best in terms of rooting and survival percentage (Singh, 2017; Singh and Singh, 2016) [41, 50] . IBA at 100 ppm level produced the highest survival rate (100%) and rooting percentage (100%) among the various combinations examined, and it was determined to be the most effective for inducing citrumelo cuttings to sprout (Fadli et al. 2017) [10] . The findings showed that T2C3S2 (December planting time, 600 ppm concentrations of IBA, and semi-hardwood cutting) was the best out of all the treatment combinations. Accordingly, it can be proposed that a semi-hardwood cutting of lemon (Citrus limon Burm.), cv. Pant Lemon-1, planted in December following treatment with 600 ppm concentrations of IBA, is a useful method to enhance propagation in the Garhwal Himalayan valley (Satpal et al. 2014) [29] .

Apple

The apple (Malus domestica) is a woody plant belonging to the Rosaceae family. Root development can be enhanced by applying growth regulators such as IBA and NAA, along with different rooting media. The highest graft height, scion diameter, rootstock diameter, number of leaves per graft, root length, and root diameter were recorded in the combination of the Vance Delicious scion and M-793 rootstock. Factors such as rooting hormones, planting time, stock plant maturity, and propagation environment play a significant role in the successful rooting of stem cuttings (Singh et al. 2019) [34,45] . In semi-hardwood cuttings of MM 106, which produced the newest leaves, followed by M 9 and M 2, Sharma et al. (2005) [30] found that IBA 3000 ppm boosted the quantity of roots and the development of new leaves. Apple rootstock MM 106 with trench layering had the highest number of rooted shoots, longest root length, and rooted sprouts with ringing of shoot bases + IBA 2500 ppm (Srivastava et al. 2006) [51] . Regarding the impact of propagation techniques on feather production, tongue grafting produced the greatest number, length, and height of feathers in both cultivars, Redspur and Wellspur (Kumar et al. 2004) [15] .

Litchi

Litchi can be grown vegetatively through air layering or by seed. One commercial technique for asexual or vegetative propagation is air layering. 50 ppm GA3 had the most panicles per plant (9.34), followed by 30 ppm (GA3), 50 ppm (NAA), 30 ppm (NAA), and 50 ppm (CCC). However, a minimum of 6.55 panicles per plant was noted at 30 ppm (CCC). Therefore, these treatments will be implemented to improve Litchi canopy and blooming management (Gaurha et al., 2021) [11] . Exogenous treatment of IBA at 4000 ppm has successfully produced a high percentage of rooting and root characteristics of guava air layers. In terms of layering timing, August 15th provided the best rooting characteristics and success. The highest rooting percentage and root characteristics were obtained by humid sphagnum moss among the rooting media (Rymbai et al., 2010) [26] . The findings showed that litchi orchard soil + FYM + PGPR @ 50g/kg growing media caused growth to emerge earlier after planting (105.98 days) and also produced better results for all the parameters that were examined, such as survival percentage (90.00%), plant height increase (10.65 cm), number of leaves/layer (32.30), average leaf area (25.50 cm2), total leaf area (823.45 cm2), total root length (14.27 m), chlorophyll content (0.91 mg/g), fresh and dry weight of roots (8.17 and 3.08 g), fresh and dry weight of shoots (58.03 and 35.30 g), and root:shoot ratio on fresh and dry weight basis (0.141 and 0.087), respectively (Chawla and Mehta, 2015) [5] .

Phalsa

The phalsa plant can be grown by layering and cuttings, respectively. The type of cutting and the planting timing have a significant impact on phalsa rooting. The optimal time to prepare cuttings and plant them is determined by the plant's physiological state and climate. However, the timing of cutting preparation in phalsa as a whole affected the success of root initiation. It has been discovered that auxin treatment enlarges histological features such as callus formation and vascular tissue division (Singh et [28,40,48,41,50,35,38,39,43,44] . In terms of rooting percentage, shoot length, root thickening, and leaf sprouting in the shoot, the cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm performed the best (Singh and Tomar, 2015; Singh et al. 2015: Singh et al, 2018) [49,32,33,46] . Devi et al. (2016) found that phalsa performed best in terms of shoot and roots when exposed to 300 ppm of IBA solution.

Apricot

According to Suriyapananont (1987) [52] , stem cuttings of Japanese apricot treated with IBA at a concentration of 2000 ppm demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of rooting and the quality of the roots formed; however, at 1500, 2500, and 3000 ppm of IBA, the quality seemed to decrease, while NAA and IAA did not produce any discernible effects. According to Perez-Tornero et al. (2000) [23] , a desirable number of shoots of a suitable length for transfer to other subcultures were produced by an IBA concentration of 0.5 to 0.6 mg l-1. Similar percentages and numbers of roots per shoot were induced by IBA and NAA. The highest number of roots per shoot (5.3±0.5) was achieved after inducing 6 mg l-1 of IBA, while the best rooting percentages (92.8±2.5%) were induced in NAA at 2 mg l-1.

Peach

Using softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings, peach plants were propagated by stem cutting (Reighard et al., 1990) [25] . According to data collected on rooting parameters 45 days after planting, Shan-i-Punjab showed the highest levels of rooting measurements, including root length, root thickness, main root length, number of roots per cutting, and root weight, when treated with IBA 3000 ppm (Singh et al. 2009). Pathlan, et al., (2022) [22] reported that hardwood cuttings treated with 2400 ppm indole-3-butyric acid for 1 to 2 minutes showed a higher percentage of sprouting, survival, number of roots, number of leaves, and girth. The best results have been obtained with IBA treatments that involve the auxin hormone group. It has been shown that IBA improves hardwood and softwood (Kumari et al., 2018) [16] . Ibrahim et al. (2020) [14] reported that the maximum percentage of rooting (40%) was achieved with 2000 mg L-1 IBA. IBA levels, however, had no noticeable effect on callusing. Control produced no rooting or other root characteristics. The effects of IBA concentration on vegetative features, with the possible exception of shoot diameter and leaf number, were similar. The maximum values of shoot diameter (1.12 mm) and leaf number (4.51) were recorded at 2000 mg L-1 IBA.

Dragon Fruit

Dragon fruit can be propagated asexually by stem cuttings, grafting, and micropropagation, as well as sexual using seeds (Singh and Rani, 2023) [42] . The results of the stem cuttings of dragon fruit treated with IBA, NAA, and their combinations show that the cutting treated with IBA 4000 ppm had the highest length of the longest root (21.33 cm), average number of roots per cutting (41.76), diameter of the root cutting (1.38 mm), fresh weight of the root cutting (2.22 g), and dry weight of the root cutting (0.59 g). This was most likely caused by exogenous auxin's (IBA) simulative effects on the formation of new root tips in stem cuttings (Hernosa et al. 2022) [13] . According to a study by Malsawmkimi et al. (2019) [19] , the shoots treated with 250 ppm IBA concentration accumulated the maximum amounts of nitrogen and protein.

Kiwifruit

Cuttings, budding, grafting, and sexual propagation were among the methods commonly used for the production of kiwifruit (Dutta et al., 2023) [8] . According to Ercisli et al. (2002) [9] , the 2000 ppm IBA applied to root the SCs of the kiwifruit cultivar A. deliciosa was effective. IBA applied at 3500 ppm increased the number of roots per cutting, number of secondary roots per cutting, average root length (cm), and other parameters in comparison to control. The highest rooting percentage of 56.94 was observed at 3500 ppm, followed by 53.61 at 2500 ppm (Ali et al., 2017) [2] .

Application of growth regulators in fruit crop micro propagation

Fruit plant micropropagation can multiply genotypes that yield sterile seeds and provide yearround, disease-free plant material with less effort and cost. Over the past 20 years, several research teams have created in vitro conditions that are appropriate for the micropropagation of different apple cultivars and rootstock material, including [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . Over the course of four weeks, these in vitro propagation techniques typically yield four to six shoots from a single source shoot (the transfer generation). It may take multiple generations to generate enough clonal plants in the interim for this method to be profitable (Lal et al., 2022) [71] .

In vitro rooting

PGRs like auxins (IAA, IBA, 2,4-D, and NAA), which are frequently thought of as rooting hormones, are in responsibility of producing high-quality roots in vitro in plant tissue culture. Only 0.53 M NAA supported the largest roots (average of 7.66 number and length of 22 cm) among the various NAA concentrations evaluated for Golden Delicious apple trees (Renu and Singh, 2018) [70] . On full strength MS media enhanced with 0.5 mg/L IBA, the Gisela 5-clonal cherry rootstock showed the highest in vitro rooting (100%) (Sharma et al., 2017) [69] . On halfstrength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA, a one-step approach produced the best rooting (18.20%) (Thakur et al., 2016) [68] . Citrus shoots were reported to root most effectively in half-strength MS medium containing IBA and NAA (Kour and Singh, 2012) [67] . The highest rooting percentage (83.33), number of roots per shoot (2.47), and longest root (3.57 cm) were shown by IBA (1.0 mg/L) and NAA (1.0 mg/L). Rootstock Ferely Jaspi has the longest roots (3.08 cm), the most shoots (8.1), and 100% rooting (Vujovic et al., 2012) [66] . For shoots from BAP medium, the highest percentage (96%) and other rooting parameters, such as root numbers (4.88) and length of the largest root (1.83), were found in half strength MS media supplemented with 5 M IBA and 0.3 M gibberellic acid (GA3) (Ruzic et al., 2011) [65] .

On MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L IBA, Citrus × jambhiri L. rooted effectively (Saini et al., 2010) [63] . IBA can start roots at different concentrations, however MM106 exhibits the highest levels between 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L (Balla et al., 2003) [60] . The maximum rooting percentage (10.42%) in Chinese plum without phoroglucinol and 79.76% with it was observed in half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.2-0.5 mg/l IBA, 15 g/L sucrose, and 20-40 mg/L PG (Sharma et al., 2007) [62] . On 12 MS media containing 0.1-0. [61] . Citrus magaloxpcarpa L. roots were more successfully induced with 0.50 mg/L NAA and 0.25 mg/L BAP (Haripyaree et al., 2011) [72] . According to Soni et al. (2010) [64] , Merton793 rooted more effectively in MS media (1/2 strength) containing 0.1 mg/L naphthyl acetic acid. In apple rootstocks MM111, it was found that micro cuttings were better transferred to auxin-free solid medium after root initiation on half strength MS media containing 0.5 mg/L IBA (Kaushal et al., 2005) [59] . Pummelo rooted most effectively in half-strength MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L NAA, it was discovered. In Nagpur Mandarin, IBA alone may induce up to 50% rooting; however, 4.92 M and 1.11 M BAP produced 78% rooting and the highest number of roots per shoot (AL-Bahrany, 2002) [58] .

Acclimatization / Hardening

Acclimatization is the process by which in vitro-rooted plantlets adapt to their new environment after transplantation. It is crucial for in vitro grown plantlets since in vitro plant material does not readily adapt to in vivo conditions (Lalrinsanga et al., 2013) [74] . Certain factors, such as humidity, the potting mixture's composition, pH, and watering schedule, all affect how well a plant adjusts to new conditions. In pots containing an autoclaved mixture of peat (70%) and perlite (12%) and sand (12%) and orchard soil (6.0%) covered with plastic film, Pyrus elaeagrofolia grown in vitro demonstrated a robust response to acclimatization (Kaur and Chopra, 2003) [73] . The highest survival percentage (93.33) among the various potting combinations was reported in soil + sand + vermiculite (1:1:1) during an experiment on the in vitro multiplication of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) (Kour and Singh, 2012) [67] .

Conclusion

References

1. Aazami MA. Effect of some growth regulators on "in vitro" culture of two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 2010;15(3):52295232.
2. Ali MT, Iqbal U, Mushtaq R, Dar SQ, Baba TR, Javid R, et al. Effect of IBA on rooting of kiwi fruit cuttings under zero energy polyhouse. Vegetos. 2017;30(Special):165-168.
3. Ayesha S, Thippesha D. Influence of plant growth regulators on rooting of stem cuttings in dragon fruit [Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britton & Rose]. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2018;6(5):1834-1839.
4. Chander S, Kumar K. Optimization of IBA dose for rooting in fig (Ficus carica L.) cuttings. International Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2023;9(1):105-108.
5. Chawla W, Mehta K. Effect of different growing media on survival and growth of transplanted litchi layers. Asian Journal of Horticulture. 2015;10(2):257-261.
6. Devi J, Bakshi P, Wali V, Bhat A, Bhat D. Cost and return analysis of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) propagation by semi-hard wood cuttings. Economic Affairs. 2015;60(1):131-136.
7. Dhand A, Kaur V, Kaur A. Effect of IBA and sucrose on performance of cuttings in pear cv. Patharnakh. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2019;8(7):545-551.
8. Dutta SK, Layek J, Yadav A, Das SK, Rymbai H, Mandal S, et al. Improvement of rooting and growth in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cuttings with organic biostimulants. Heliyon. 2023;9:e17815. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17815.
9. Ercisli S, Anapali Ö, Esitken A, Sahin Ü. The effects of IBA and rooting media on rooting of cuttings. 2002. [Incomplete citation details].
10. Fadli A, Attaoui El, Chetto A, Boudoudou O, Talha D, Benkirane DA, et al. Propagation of citrus rootstocks by stem cutting using auxin pretreatments: the case of citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 2017;8(11):4085-4093.
11. Gaurha A, Prasad VM, Bahadur V, Topno SE. Effect of different plant growth regulators on growth, canopy and flowering of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Purvi. Biological Forum -An International Journal. 2021;13(3):1-4.
12. Glavi M, Karimian MA, Mousavi SR. Effects of different auxin (IBA) concentrations and planting beds on rooting grape cuttings (Vitis vinifera). Annual Review and Research in Biology. 2013;3(4):517-523.
13. Hernosa SP, Tampubolon SDR, Siregar LAM. The use of indole butyric acid on the growth of dragon fruit plant stem cuttings. Nusantara Bioscience. 2022;14(2):211-216.
14. Ibrahim M, Noori AAM. Rooting of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] hardwood cuttings as affected by IBA concentration and substrate pH. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 2020;22:33-37.
15. Kumar R, Anada SA. Effect of methods and heights of grafting on the growth and proportion of saleable plants in spur type apples. Progressive Horticulture. 2004;36(1):12-15.
16. Kumari S, Bakshi P, Sharma A, Wali VK, Jasrotia A, Kour S. Use of plant growth regulators for improving fruit production in sub-tropical crops. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018;7:659-668.
17. Lalhal KK, Tanuja, Rana DK, Naithani DC. Effect of different concentration of IBA on rooting of plum (Prunus domestica L.) cuttings cv. Santa Rosa under valley condition of Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of Plant Development Sciences. 2017;9(8):779-783.
18. Lawes GS, Woolley DJ. The commercial use of plant growth regulators to regulate fruit development. Acta Horticulturae. 2001;553:149-150.
19. Malsawmkimi R, Alila P. Effect of various levels of IBA and stem cutting sizes on propagation of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Current Horticulture. 2019;7(1):64-68.
20. Mehta SK, Singh KK, Harsana AS. Effect of IBA concentration and time of planting on rooting in pomegranate (Punica granatum) cuttings. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2018;6(1):250-253.
21. Mewar M, Naithani DC. Effect of different IBA concentrations and planting time on stem cuttings of wild fig (Ficus palmata Forssk.). Plant Archives. 2016;16(2):959-962.
22. Pathlan N, Singh K, Chhabra A, Kour H, Beniwal B. The effect of various indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) levels on the rooting of stem cuttings of peach (Prunus persica L.). Annals of Biology. 2022;38(2):263-267.
23. Perez-Tornero O, Lopez JM, Egea J, Burgos L. Effect of basal media and growth regulators on the in vitro propagation of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cv. Canino. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 2000;75(3):283-286.
24. Rawat JMS, Singh KK, Rawat V, Singh B. Effect of methods of IBA application on rooting performance of crape jasmine (Chandani) soft wood cuttings. HortFlora Research Spectrum. 2014;3(2):146-149.
25. Reighard GL, Cain DW, Newall WC. Rooting and survival potential of hardwood cuttings of 406 species, cultivars, and hybrids of Prunus. HortScience. 1990;25(5):517-518.
26. Rymbai H, Reddy GS. Effect of IBA, time of layering and rooting media on air-layers and plantlets survival under different growing nursery conditions in guava. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 2010;67(Special Issue):99-104.
27. Saeed Q, Xiukang W, Haider FU, Kučerik J, Mumtaz MZ, Holatko J, et al. Rhizosphere bacteria in plant growth promotion, biocontrol, and bioremediation of contaminated sites: a comprehensive review of effects and mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22:10529. doi:10.3390/ijms221910529.
28. Saroj, Singh KK. Vegetative propagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) through air layering: a review. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science https://www.agriculturaljournals.com Plant Archives. 2020;20(1):1179-1188.
29. Satpal M, Rawat SS, Singh KK. Effect of various concentrations of IBA, type of cuttings and planting time on the rooting of cuttings of lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) cv. Pant Lemon-1 under valley conditions of Garhwal Himalaya. International Journal of Current Research. 2014;6(12):10974-10976.
30. Sharma D, Chauhan JS. Effect of different rootstocks on root distribution of apple. Acta Horticulturae. 2005;696:167-171.
31. Sharma N, Anand R, Kumar D. Standardization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) propagation through cuttings. Biological Forum -An International Journal. 2009;1(1):75-80.
32. Singh KK, Tomar YK. Effect of planting time and indole butyric acid levels on rooting of woody cuttings of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.). HortFlora Research Spectrum. 2015;4(1):39-43.
33. Singh KK, Jat DJ, Mehta SK. Rootability of hardwood cuttings of mulberry (Morus alba L.) influenced by planting time and growing conditions under valley condition of Garhwal Himalayas. Plant Archives. 2015;15(2):1031-1036.
34. Singh G, Kaur S, Kaur A. Effect of IBA on rooting of hardwood cuttings of various peach genotypes. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences. 2019;7(4):104-109.
35. Singh KK, Chauhan JS, Galav A. Root growth of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) as affected by type of cutting and rooting media. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management. 2018:52-55.
36. Singh KK. Effect of IBA concentrations on the rooting of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Ganesh hardwood cuttings under mist house condition. Plant Archives. 2014;14(2):1111-1114.
37. Singh KK. Effects of various concentration of NAA and IBA on the rooting of soft wood cutting of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis under mist house. Indian Streams Research Journal. 2014;4(9):1-6.
38. Singh KK. A review: macro-propagation of guava (Psidium guajava). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(2):2629-2634.
39. Singh KK. Propagation of citrus species through cutting: a review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2018;6(1):167-172.
40. Singh KK, Chauhan JS. A review on vegetative propagation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) through cutting. Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences. 2020;9(2):50-55.
41. Singh KK, Chouhan JS. The effect of different times collecting cutting, growing conditions and auxin treatments on the rooting in phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) stem cutting under valley condition of Garhwal. Plant Archives. 2016;16(2):781-788.
42. Singh KK, Rani D. Recent advances and prospects for dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) plant propagation techniques. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2023;13(11):568-573.
43. Singh KK, Singh SP. A review: micropropagation of guava (Psidium spp.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(4):145-150.
44. Singh KK, Singh SP. Cultivation and utilization in phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) under Garhwal Himalayas region. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2018;6(1):254-256.
45. Singh KK, Chauhan JS, Kumar P, Rawat JMS, Suwalka RL. A review: effect of auxins, rooting media and vegetative propagation methods of apple (Malus spp.). European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience. 2019;7(2):82-88.
46. Singh KK, Chauhan JS, Rawat JMS, Rana DK. Effect of different growing conditions and various concentrations of IBA on the rooting and shooting of hardwood cutting of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) under valley condition of Garhwal Himalayas. Plant Archives. 2015;15(1):131-136.
47. Singh KK, Choudhary T, Kumar A. Effect of various concentrations of IBA and NAA on the rooting of stem cuttings of mulberry (Morus alba L.) under mist house condition in Garhwal Hill region. Indian Journal of Hill Farming. 2014;27(1):125-131.
48. Singh KK, Rawat JMS, Chauhan JS, Kumar P. A review: multiplication of Grewia asiatica L. (phalsa) via cutting. Current Research in Agriculture and Farming. 2020;1(4):24-30.
49. Singh KK, Tomar YK, Rawat JMS. Study on the effect of different planting time and various concentration of IBA on the rooting of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) stem cutting under different growing conditions. International Journal of Current Research. 2015;7(2):12674-12679.
50. Singh S, Singh KK. Effect of various concentrations of IBA and types of stem cuttings on the performance of rooting in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Malta under mist. The Bioscan. 2016;11(2):903906.
51. Srivastava KK, Bhat KM, Sharma MK, Nazki TT. Studies on multiplication of MM 106 rootstock of apple through trench layering in Kashmir Valley. Research on Crops. 2006;7(1):311-312.
52. Suriyapananont V. Stem cuttings of Japanese apricot as related to growth regulators, rooting media, and seasonal changes. In: III International Workshop on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Acta Horticulturae. 1987;279:475-480.
53. Swarts A, Matsiliza-Mlathi B, Kleynhans R. Rooting and survival of Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H. Buek stem cuttings as affected by season, media and cutting position. South African Journal of Botany. 2018;119:80-85. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2018.08.019.
54. Ullah T, Wazir FU, Ahmad M, Analoui F, Khan MU, Ahmad MA. Breakthrough in guava (Psidium guajava L.) propagation from cutting. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 2005;4(3):238-243.
55. Dey K, Ghosh A, Mani A, Bauri FK, Dey AN. Root generation of Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) cuttings in response to sucrose and IBA. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017;6(6):803806.
56. Tanuja T, Rana DK. Effect of different concentration of IBA on shooting and rooting of stem cutting of karonda (Carissa carandas L.) cv. Pant Manohar under mist condition. Plant Archives. 2018;18(2):1512-1514.
57. Patro KP, Shinde SJ, Petkule YP, Gavit UR, Bhagiya PS. Root generation of karonda (Carissa carandas L.) cuttings in response to sucrose and IBA. Plant Archives. 2025;25(Suppl 1):2475-2479.
58. Al-Bahrany AM. Effect of phytohormones on in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of lime Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. Scientia Horticulturae. 2002;95:285-295.
59. Kaushal N, Modgil M, Thakur M, Sharma DR. In vitro clonal multiplication of an apple rootstock by culture of shoot apices and axillary buds. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005;43:561-565.
60. Balla I, Vertesy J, Veguari GY, Szues E, Killery T, Veros I, et al. Nutrition of the micropropagated fruit trees in vitro and ex vitro. International Journal of Horticultural Science. 2003;9(2):43-46.
61. Ciccotti AM, Bisognin C, Battocletti I, Salvadori A, Herdemertens M, Wallbraun M, et al. Micropropagation of Malus sieboldii hybrids resistant to apple proliferation disease. Acta Horticulturae. 2009;839:35-41.
62. Sharma T, Modgil M, Thakur M. Factors affecting induction and development of in vitro rooting of apple rootstocks. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2007;45:824-829.
63. Saini HK, Gill MS, Gill MIS. Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9:419-423.
64. Soni M, Thakur M, Modgil M. In vitro multiplication of Merton I.793, an apple rootstock suitable for replantation. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;10:362-368.
65. Ruzic D, Vujovic T, Nikolic D, Cerovic R. In vitro growth responses of the 'Pyrodwarf' pear rootstock to cytokinin types. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 2011;16(5):6631-6637.
66. Vujovic T, Ruzic DJ, Cerovic R. In vitro shoot multiplication as influenced by repeated subculturing of shoots of contemporary fruit rootstocks. Horticultural Science. 2012;39(3):101-107.
67. Kour K, Singh B. In vitro multiplication of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2012;1(4):5-9.
68. Thakur M, Sharma V, Sharma DP, Kumari G, Vivek M. In vitro propagation of virus-indexed Gisela-5 (Prunus cerasus × Prunus canescens) clonal cherry rootstock. International Journal of Crop Science and Technology. 2016;2(2):88-99.
69. Sharma V, Thakur M, Kumar A. An efficient method for in vitro propagation of Gisela 5 (Prunus cerasus × Prunus canescens) clonal cherry rootstock. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017;6(8):2617-2624.
70. Renu BA, Singh R. Optimization of micropropagation from nodal segments of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars Golden Delicious and Red Fuji. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 2018;31(3):1-9.
71. Lal M, Jamwal M, Singh H, Bakshi P, Sharma M, Kumar B, et al. Comparative economics of in vitro grown plantlets of clonal apple MM 106 and MM 111 rootstocks. AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 2022;53:6161-6171.
72. Haripyaree A, Guneshwor K, Sunitibala H, Damayanti M. In vitro propagation of Citrus megaloxycarpa. Environmental and Experimental Biology. 2011;9:129132.
73. Kaur S, Chopra HR. Study on hardening and field survival of micropropagated plants of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under Punjab conditions. In: VII International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Acta Horticulturae. 2003;662:303-305.
74. Lalrinsanga R, Vanlaldiki H, Meitei WI. In vitro shoot tip culture of banana cultivar Meitei Hei. The Bioscan. 2013;8(3):839-844.