Cultivating future leaders: A bibliometric review on youth empowerment in Agripreneurship

Introduction

Agriculture, once considered the backbone of rural economies, is undergoing a significant transformation to adapt to the challenges of the 21st century. Youth involvement in agriculture, particularly through agripreneurship, has emerged as a promising pathway to modernize the sector and address the growing issues of youth unemployment, food security, and rural development.

Agripreneurship

-a fusion of agriculture and entrepreneurship -enables young individuals to engage in agriculture as business-oriented ventures, fostering innovation, value addition, and market linkages (Lal et al.,2022). As the global youth population rises, agripreneurship is increasingly recognized as a critical tool for promoting rural economic growth and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. The need for youth engagement in agriculture has become more pressing due to rural-to urban migration, technological advancements, and a declining agricultural workforce (FAO, 2021). Traditional farming is often seen as unattractive by younger generations due to low profitability and the perception of agriculture as labor-intensive and stagnant (Sinyolo & Mudhara, 2021). However, agripreneurship offers an alternative model that integrates innovative technologies such as precision farming, digital platforms, and smart irrigation systems, which can www.extensionjournal.com significantly increase efficiency and profitability (Amare et al.,2022). By empowering youth to participate in agriculture through entrepreneurial ventures, agripreneurship addresses the dual goals of improving livelihoods and advancing sustainable development. Global and national initiatives has recognized the potential of agripreneurship to address unemployment while contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to poverty reduction, food security, and climate action (United Nations, 2022). Programs such as the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centers (ACABC) in India and the International Youth Agripreneurship Model have been instrumental in training and supporting young agripreneurs (MANAGE, 2024). These programs provide crucial support such as access to credit, mentorship, and market linkages, helping youth overcome common barriers like financial constraints and lack of technical knowledge (Kahan, 2022). Despite these efforts, there remain significant challenges hindering the full realization of youth agripreneurship. Key barriers include limited access to land and capital, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient policy support (Ayanlade & Radeny, 2023). Moreover, gender disparities persist, with young women in agriculture often facing additional challenges in accessing resources and markets (Singh et al., 2023). Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that fosters an enabling ecosystem for youth agripreneurs by providing targeted interventions such as skill development, policy reforms, and technological access. This bibliometric review aims to explore the research landscape on youth agripreneurship, analyzing trends, key contributors, and thematic clusters in the literature. Through this review, we seek to identify knowledge gaps and highlight areas where further research and policy interventions are needed to empower youth in agriculture and enhance their contributions to sustainable development.

The Role of Research in Supporting Youth Agripreneurship

Research plays an essential role in supporting youth agripreneurship by offering data-driven insights, identifying challenges, and proposing solutions that empower young people in the agricultural sector. It helps pinpoint areas of opportunity in agriculture, such as agri-tech, value-added products, and sustainable farming practices, where youth can innovate and build successful businesses. Research also highlights barriers faced by young agripreneurs, including limited access to finance, inadequate training, market constraints, which in turn guides the development of interventions aimed at addressing these challenges. Furthermore, research informs the creation of tailored training and mentorship programs that equip youth with the necessary technical, entrepreneurial, and leadership skills to succeed. Through continuous exploration, research introduces innovative agricultural solutions such as precision farming and mobile-based platforms that can be adopted by youth agripeneurs to enhance productivity and sustainability. Additionally, research provides evidence for policy development, advocating reforms that create a favorable ecosystem for youth in agribusiness by ensuring access to land, finance, and infrastructure. It also encourages the adoption of sustainable practices by educating young agripreneurs on the importance of eco-friendly farming, helping them align their businesses with food security and environmental conservation goals. Research-driven success stories further inspire and demonstrate the potential of youth-led agripreneurship in contributing to rural development and tackling unemployment. Ultimately, research foster collaborations among academic institutions, governments, and the private sector, building a network of support that enables youth to access resources and thrive in the agripreneurship landscape.

Methodology

A Systematic Literature Review is a kind of literature review that systematically and comprehensively identifies, assesses, and synthesizes scientific research with a rigorous methodological process with the aim of addressing specific research questions (Struckell et al., 2022). It is unbiased, reproducible, and reliable due to the clear and well-planned protocol adopted to consolidate the research field (Rathnayake et al., 2020).

Article search and identifications

In the present study articles used were retrieved from Scopus database. Scopus is a highly regarded article search engine recognized by experts for its extensive coverage, surpassing that of other search engines. The Scopus database encompasses records of 17 million researchers, 90 million curated documents, 80,000 institutional profiles, and 7,000 publishers (Scopus, 2023). This highlights the database's broad scientific scope, making it a valuable resource for achieving the study's objectives. The process of identifying relevant research papers involves employing well-constructed search strings and precise phrases to locate articles pertinent to the current topic of interest. A total of 298 articles were identified by using the first search equation with terms "Youth" AND "Agripreneurship", "Youth" AND "Agribusiness Development", "Youth Empowerment" AND "Agripreneurship" (Table 1). The second search equation combined terms like "Youth" AND "Employment" AND "Agriculture", "Youth" AND "Motivation" AND "Agribusiness", "Youth" AND "Agribusiness" AND "Opportunities", "Youth" AND "Innovation" AND "Agriculture", "Youth" AND "Agricultural" AND "Policies", "Youth" AND "Entrepreneurship" AND "Agriculture" resulting in 974 potential articles (Table 2). From the two search equations, a total of 1272 articles were identified in the initial search and a total of 877 articles were excluded based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From these 395 articles, they were further screened and 98 duplicates were excluded. Now from these 297 articles, 201 articles were excluded after going through the titles and abstract. Finally, 96 articles with relevant titles and abstract were included for the further analysis. This was diagrammatically shown in the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram which is a visual representation of the stages of a systematic review or meta-analysis (Fig 1).

Analysis of search results

The value of a systematic review in research largely relies on the application of rigorous methodologies, clear reporting, and scientific strategies to minimize potential errors and biases (Moher et al., 2009; Linnenluecke et al., 2019). In this study, the systematic literature review process was effectively supplemented with bibliometric analysis, descriptive statistics, and visual charts to derive meaningful insights on the topic under consideration. Scholars have long contended that a comprehensive review combined with bibliometric analysis can establish robust foundations for advancing a field in innovative and impactful ways. Such an approach enables researchers to (a) gain a comprehensive overview of the field, (b) identify knowledge gaps, (c) generate new research ideas, and (d) strategically position their contributions to the domain.

To address the research questions and test the hypotheses, we utilized a combination of R-Package Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software, both of which are widely recognized as powerful tools among scholars. Bibliometrix provides interactive analysis through web applications and features a user-friendly interface built on Shiny under the R-package framework, which can be accessed via RStudio without requiring coding expertise. Similarly, VOSviewer offers diverse functionalities for conducting performance analysis, science mapping, and network analysis.

Results and Discussion

The dataset spans from 1987 to 2024 and includes a total of 95 documents sourced from 70 different journals, books, and other academic publications, reflecting a wide range of sources/. With an annual growth rate 6.42%, the research has steadily increased over the years, contributing to a moderate body of work. The average age of the documents is 5.13 years, indicating that the studies are relatively recent and relevant. On average, each document has been cited 16.78 times, reflecting a moderate academic impact, with a total of 4432 references cited across all publications, demonstrating the depth of research. The dataset includes contributions from 333 unique authors, and while only 11 documents are single-authored, most involve collaborative efforts, as shown by an average of 3.85 co-authors per paper. Additionally, 38.95% of the publications feature international collaborations, highlighting the global nature of the research. All 95 documents are journal articles, underscoring the focus on peer-reviewed publications as the primary medium for disseminating findings. Keywords and author-defined terms (291 and 329, respectively) further show the diversity of topics explored in the field. www.extensionjournal.com

Most relevant sources

The given bar chart (Fig. 2) illustrates the number of documents published in various journals related to sustainability and agriculture research. "Sustainability (Switzerland)" stands out as the most significant contributor, with around 11 documents, indicating its prominent role in disseminating knowledge on sustainability. Following this, the "IDS Bulletin" and the "Journal of Development Studies" each have a smaller, yet notable, contribution, with around 4 and 3 documents respectively. Other journals, such as "Agricultural and Resource Economics", "Cogent Economics and Finance", "Cogent Social Sciences", "Economic Affairs", "Frontiers in Sustainable Food System", "Heliyon", "Indian Journal of Extension Education" each contribute 2 documents, showcasing the wide range of sources that researchers in this field use to share their findings. This distribution highlights the diversity of journals contributing to sustainability and agriculture research, with some focusing on broad international perspectives while others bring in more specialized, regional views. This ensures that research on sustainability and agripreneurship benefits from both global and local insights, encouraging collaboration across different regions and disciplines.

Most Relevant Words

The given figure showcases the most relevant keywords associated with this research. The term "Employment" is the most prominent, with 31 occurrences, reflecting the crucial role of agripreneurship in generating job opportunities for the youth. Employment is often a key motivator for youth involvement in agripreneurship, as the agriculture sector can provide sustainable livelihoods for young entrepreneurs.

This makes employment a central theme in understanding how agripreneurship empowers youth. Following closely is "Young Population", with 19 occurrences. This highlights the focus on youth as the primary demographic being empowered through agripreneurship. By concentrating on this group, the research emphasizes the potential of young people to drive agricultural innovation and sustainability, creating a new generation of agripreneurs. "Agriculture" and "Livelihood" are also significant, with 15 and 13 occurrences, respectively. These terms underscore the centrality of agriculture in providing a sustainable source of income and employment. Agripreneurship is not just about cultivating crops, it's about creating long-term livelihoods that can uplift rural communities and reduce youth unemployment. The keywords "Agricultural Development" and "Rural Development" both appear seven times, indicating the broader impact of agripreneurship on community growth and development. The research reflects how empowering youth through agripreneurship contributes to the development of rural areas, where agriculture is often the backbone of the economy. These keywords point to the transformative potential of agripreneurship in revitalizing rural regions.

Other notable terms include "Adolescent", "Agro-industry", "Education", and "Female", each occurring six times. These keywords suggest important subtopics within the research, such as the inclusion of adolescents in agricultural entrepreneurship, the role of education in empowering youth, and the involvement of women in agripreneurial activities. Together, these terms emphasize the need for inclusivity, innovation, and capacity-building in fostering youth agripreneurship. In summary, the graph highlights the intersection of employment, agriculture, and rural development as key areas in empowering youth through agripreneurship. It also emphasizes the importance of engaging the young population and creating sustainable livelihood opportunities to foster growth and development in the agricultural sector.

Most global cited documents

The given graph illustrates the most globally cited documents that are highly relevant to the research. These influential papers contribute significantly to discussions on youth involvement in agriculture, rural livelihoods, and agripreneurial activities. Each document is ranked by the number of global citations it has received, showcasing its academic impact.

As the top of the list is White B. (2012) [27] , IDS Bulletin, which has amassed 248 citations, making it the most globally influential document in the field. This paper likely discusses broader rural development issues, emphasizing the importance of youth engagement in agricultural activities, aligning closely with your research interests in agripreneurship.

Following closely is Bezu S. (2014) [3] , Next is Kosec K. (2018) [9] , American Journal of Agricultural Economics, which has 59 citations. This document likely explores the economic aspects of agriculture, potentially examining how youth-driven agripreneurship can contribute to the financial viability of rural communities. It may provide insights into the economic challenges and opportunities faced by young agripreneurs. Sumberg J.(2017) [24] , Food Security, with 57 citations, likely addresses the role of agripreneurship in ensuring food security. It may highlight how empowering youth in agriculture can contribute to sustainable food systems, a critical issue in both developing and developed countries. Davila F. (2021), Agricultural Systems, which has 50 citations, probably explores the role of agricultural innovation system and how youth can drive modernization in agricultural practices. This paper is likely relevant to the research, as it may discuss the potential for young people to lead innovation in agripreneurial ventures. With 48 citations, Liu Y. ( 2020), Food Policy focuses on the policy aspects of agriculture. This document may investigate how government policies can support youth in agripreneurship, providing a framework for creating a conducive environment for young entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector Yeboah T. (2020) [28] , Journal of Rural Studies, with 40 citations, is likely centered around rural studies, particularly the challenges and opportunities for youth in rural areas. This document may explore the intersection of rural development and youth entrepreneurship, highlighting the importance of empowering young people in agribusiness. Finally, Simoes F. (2020), Journal of Rural Studies, with 36 citations, is likely examines the role of youth in rural entrepreneurship, focusing on the challenges they face is starting and sustaining agripreneurial ventures. This paper may provide valuable insights into the barriers to entry for young agripreneurs, making it highly relevant to the research. These globally cited documents represent key contributions to the fields of agricultural development, rural livelihoods, youth entrepreneurship, and sustainability. Their relevance to your research on empowering youth to thrive in agripreneurship is clear, as they address critical issues such as rural development, economic viability, policy frameworks, and sustainability within agriculture.

Thematic map

The thematic map offers a comprehensive view of the research landscape by categorizing topics based on their level of development (density) and relevance (centrality). Divided into four quadrants: Motor Themes, Basic Themes, Niche Themes, and Emerging or Declining Themes (Figure 8). The map provides a clear depiction of the interconnectedness and maturity of various research areas.

1. Motor Themes (Top Right Quadrant): These themes are highly developed and central, indicating their importance and strong connection with other themes in the field. In this quadrant the most prominent themes are:  Agriculture, Rural Population and Female: These themes highlight the focus on agricultural activities in rural areas, specifically involving women. It shows that the intersection of gender, agriculture, and rural livelihoods is a well-developed and highly relevant topic, likely linked to empowering youth towards agripreneurship by promoting rural women's involvement.

 Employment, Young Population and livelihood:

These themes indicate that empowering youth through employment opportunities and improving livelihoods is a critical and highly relevant aspect. This highlights the role of agripreneurship in addressing youth unemployment and livelihood security, making it a motor theme for the topic.

2. Basic Themes (Bottom-Right Quadrant): These themes are important but not very developed. They are fundamental and need further research.  Nigeria, India and Ghana appear here, indicating that while these countries are central to discussions on agripreneurship and youth empowerment, the research surrounding them may require further development to explore their full potential.  Rural development, rural economy, and farming system are also present. This implies that while rural development and the rural economy are central to the broader topic of youth empowerment in agriculture, the exploration of farming systems in relation to youth agripreneurship is fundamental but requires further attention.

Niche Themes (Top-Left Quadrant):

These themes are well-developed but less central, meaning they are specialized and may not connect strongly to the broader research.

 Food Security, Climate Change, and Timor-laste are the key niche themes. These topics are well researched and developed but not as directly related to the central discussions of youth agripreneurship. They may represent specialized topics, such as the impact of Climate Change on food security and its relationship with agricultural practices in specific regions like Timor-Laste.

Emerging or Declining Themes (Bottom-Left

Quadrant): These themes are both underdeveloped and less relevant, either because they are emerging areas of study or because they are declining in importance.

 Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) appears in this quadrant, suggesting that while SMEs play a role in agripreneurship, their connection to youth empowerment in agriculture may either be an emerging area or a declining focus in current research. More exploration is required to determine its future trajectory.

In summary, the map indicates that employment, youth, and livelihood issues, along with agriculture and the rural population (especially females), are critical areas of focus (motor themes) for empowering youth in agripreneurship. At the same time, rural development, farming systems and the involvement of countries like Nigeria, India, and Ghana are foundational but underdeveloped areas needing further research. Specialized themes like climate change and food security are important but not directly central, while SMEs are either emerging or declining as a focus in the field. www.extensionjournal.com Another key focus is on terms like Empowerment, Employment, Opportunities, and Motivation, which suggest that agripreneurship is more than just a business venture for youth. These words collectively underline the idea that empowering young people to pursue careers in agriculture not only leads to self-employment and job creation but also promotes social and economic growth. Youth Empowerment through agripreneurship creates opportunities for financial independence, better livelihoods, increased community involvement, especially in rural areas. In this context, Opportunities and Motivation highlights the need for support systems that encourage and inspire young individuals to tap into agribusiness ventures. Moreover, the word cloud incorporates crucial terms like Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness, showing the close connection between fostering new ideas and creating business ventures in the agricultural domain. These words signify that success in agripreneurship requires innovative thinking, creativity, and the ability to adapt to changing market and environmental conditions. By focusing on Innovation, youth can develop sustainable agricultural practices and contribute to solving global challenges like food security and climate change. Furthermore, terms such as Policies, Agricultural Development, and Agricultural policies suggests that government interventions and policy support play a crucial role in ceating an enabling environment for young agripreneurs to thrive. The inclusion of these terms points to the importance of policy frameworks, capacity-building programs, and financial incentives that can help young individuals overcome challenges in agribusiness. Government initiatives can help provide necessary infrastructure, access to markets, and knowledge resources that young people need to succeed in the agripreneurship space.

In conclusion, the word cloud encapsulates the idea that empowering youth in agripreneurship is a multifaceted approach. It requires motivation, innovation, support through policies, and access to opportunities that enable youth to make meaningful contributions to agriculture. This representation shows how agripreneurship can provide pathways for employment, leadership, collaboration, market access, and ultimately sustainable development in rural areas, contributing to the overall growth of the agricultural sector. www.extensionjournal.com However, the review also reveals persistent barriers that continue to limit the full potential of youth in agripreneurship. Despite the positive trends in research and program development, young agripreneurs still face significant challenges, including limited access to land, capital, and infrastructure, which are critical for scaling agribusiness ventures. Additionally, gender disparities remain a significant hurdle, particularly for young women in agriculture, who often face unequal access to resources and markets. The lack of comprehensive policy frameworks to support youth in agripreneurship further exacerbates these challenges, underscoring the need for more robust and inclusive policy interventions. The integration of technology into agriculture, such as precision farming, digital platforms, and agri-tech innovations, has been identified as a key enabler of youth agripreneurship. These technological advancements allow young agripreneurs to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and expand their market reach, making agriculture a more attractive and viable career path for youth. However, the review highlights the need for greater efforts to ensure that young people have the skills and resources necessary to adopt and utilize these technologies effectively. In the light of these findings, the review concludes that empowering youth in agripreneurship requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the structural barriers hindering their participation in the agricultural sector. This includes expanding access to financial resources, providing targeted training and mentorship programs, and creating supportive policy environments that promote youth entrepreneurship in agriculture. Moreover, a focus on gender equality is essential to ensure that young women have the same opportunities as their male counterparts in agripreneurial ventures. The future of agriculture depends heavily on the ability to engage and empower young people as the next generation of agripreneurs. By creating an enabling ecosystem that fosters innovation, supports access to resources, and addresses the specific needs of youth, agripreneurship can contribute to both rural and global development goals. This review underscores the importance of continued research, policy development, and collaboration among governments, academic institutions, and private-sector actors to build a sustainable future where youth thrive as leaders in agripreneurship Future Directions Moving forward, several areas require further research and development to fully realize the potential of youth agripreneurship. First, there is a need for more detailed studies on the specific barriers that young women face in agripreneurship, with a focus on creating gender-sensitive interventions that provide equal opportunities for all youth. Additionally, more research is needed to explore the role of digital technology in empowering youth, particularly in terms of access to information, market integration, and improving agricultural productivity through innovative tools. Future policies should focus on creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for youth agripreneurs by addressing issues such as access to land, finance, and infrastructure. Developing partnerships between the public and private sectors, as well as fostering international collaborations, will be essential in providing sectors, as well as fostering international collaborations, will be essential in providing young agripreneurs with the necessary resources to grow their businesses. Furthermore, research should also focus on the scalability of youth agribusiness ventures to ensure that small-scale innovations can be expanded to create larger impacts on national and global agricultural systems. In conclusion, the future of youth agripreneurship holds significant promise, but realizing this potential will require concerned efforts from all the stakeholders. By addressing the existing challenges and building on the successes of current programs and initiatives, we can empower a new generation of agripreneurs to drive sustainable agricultural development and contribute to the achievement of global goals such as food security, Unemployment, poverty reduction, and climate resilience.

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