Comparative evaluation of welfare and management practices in purebred and non-descript dogs in Bengaluru city

Introduction

Dogs have shared a close relationship with humans for thousands of years, evolving from wild animals into loyal companions and working partners. In modern society, dogs serve as pets, service animals, and therapy companions, contributing significantly to human physical, emotional, and social well-being (Selby and Rhoades, 1981) [13] . Interaction with dogs has been shown to reduce stress, encourage physical activity, and provide emotional support, especially in urban environments and post-Covid lifestyles (Machová et al., 2020) [10] . India has a large population of both pet and stray dogs, creating important challenges related to animal welfare, public health, and responsible ownership. Rapid urbanisation and changing lifestyles have increased pet ownership, particularly in metropolitan cities such as Bengaluru. At the same time, the growing pet care industry reflects increased awareness of pet health, nutrition, training, and welfare (Business Standard, 2022) [2] . Proper management practices are essential for ensuring the welfare of dogs. These include adequate nutrition, clean water, shelter, regular exercise, training, and socialisation. In urban areas, dogs face challenges such as limited space, lack of exercise opportunities, and social isolation, which can negatively affect their physical and mental health (Carter, 2016) [3] . The present study aims to examine pet dog management practices in Bengaluru city and to identify the constraints faced by dog owners. Understanding these practices is important for improving animal welfare, promoting responsible pet ownership, and supporting policy decisions related to dog care and management.

Materials and Methods

The present study was conducted at the Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The study location was selected because it receives a large number of pet dogs from different parts of the city for treatment and routine health care. This provided good opportunities to interact with a diverse group of dog owners. Pet owners who visited the hospital with their dogs were approached in a polite and friendly manner. The purpose of the study was clearly explained to them before conducting the interview. A structured interview schedule was prepared to collect information from the respondents. The schedule consisted of simple and clear questions related to dog care and management practices. A total of 400 dog owners were selected for the study. Only those owners whose dogs were at least one-year-old were included, as dogs of this age are considered to have established management routines. Dogs were classified into different groups for easy analysis. Based on breed type, they were grouped as purebred and nondescript (desi or mixed breed) dogs. Based on body size, dogs were further categorized into toy, medium, and large breeds. This classification helped in comparing different management and welfare practices among the groups. Data were collected on various aspects of dog care. These included daily walking habits, duration and frequency of exercise, training methods used by the owners, grooming practices such as bathing and brushing, and the use of handling equipment like collars, leashes, and harnesses. Information was also gathered regarding welfare-related challenges such as health problems, behavioural issues, housing difficulties, and owner constraints related to time and resources.

Dogs were categorized based on:

• Breed type: Purebred and Non-descript (desi or mixed) • Size: Toy, Medium, and Large breeds After data collection, the responses were carefully checked for completeness and accuracy. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel for organisation and analysis. Standard statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, and mean were used to interpret the results. The analysed data were used to draw meaningful conclusions related to pet dog management and welfare practices in Bengaluru city.

Results and Discussion

Walking Practices Daily walking was found to be an important aspect of dog management. Purebred dogs were walked more regularly and for longer periods compared to non-descript dogs. Most purebred dogs were taken for walks in public parks, streets, or community open spaces. In contrast, many non-descript dogs were kept indoors and were not provided regular outdoor exercise. Regular walking was observed to have a positive influence on the physical and mental health of dogs. Dogs that did not receive adequate exercise showed signs of restlessness, anxiety, and destructive behaviour. These findings indicate that proper exercise is essential for maintaining good welfare and overall well-being of pet dogs.

Training Practices

Training plays a significant role in shaping the behaviour of dogs. The majority of purebred dogs received formal training or basic obedience training at home. Common commands taught included "sit", "stay" and "come". On the other hand, most non-descript dogs received little or no structured training. The study also observed the use of physical punishment by some dog owners, particularly among owners of non-descript and large breed dogs. The use of harsh handling methods was associated with negative welfare outcomes such as fear, aggression and lack of trust towards owners. These practices were found to adversely affect the emotional and behavioural well-being of dogs.

Grooming Practices

Grooming was found to be an essential component of dog welfare. Purebred dogs were more frequently brushed, bathed and given regular coat and nail care compared to non-descript dogs. Non-descript dogs received minimal grooming attention in many cases. Toy breeds were found to receive the highest level of grooming care due to their small size and delicate nature. Regular grooming was found to improve hygiene, comfort and overall health. These findings highlight the importance of owner involvement in maintaining proper hygiene and comfort for pet dogs.

General care and training of pet dogs according to breed type in Bengaluru (%, unless mentioned).

Breed type

Conclusion

The welfare of dogs in Bengaluru reflects a growing sense of love and responsibility among pet owners. The study revealed that many owners showed strong emotional attachment and concern for their dogs. However, gaps in knowledge, limited resources, and lack of proper guidance were found to affect the quality of care provided. Purebred dogs were generally found to receive better management and welfare care compared to non-descript (desi) dogs. This difference highlights the need to ensure equal welfare standards for all dogs, irrespective of breed or background.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementThe authors express their sincere gratitude to the Department of veterinary medicine, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, for providing the necessary facilities and support to conduct this study. The authors also extend their heartfelt thanks to all the pet dog owners who willingly participated in the study and shared valuable information. Special thanks are due to the staff and post graduate students of department of veterinary medicine for their cooperation during data collection. The authors acknowledge the guidance and support of faculty members and colleagues who contributed to the successful completion of this research work.

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