Study of effect of the different levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and zinc sulphate use on yield and quality of summer sesame

Introduction

Oilseed crop include large variety of plants which are cultivated primarily for production of oil. Besides providing oil, they are also good source of fat and form highly nutritious human food. Sesame [Sesamum indicum Linn (Pedaliaceae)] is known by virtue of excellent quantity of oil and its use in domestic purpose. It is one of the most important edible crops grown next to groundnut & rapeseed-mustard. Besides providing oil, they are also good source of fat and form highly nutritious human food. Sesame is presumed to have originated in Africa and latter spread to West Asia to India, China and Japan. In India sesame seeds are used for oil extraction (78%) edible purpose (20%) and seed purpose (2%) out of that 70% sesame seeds are used for edible purpose such as salad and cooking oil and remaining 30% for toilet soap and manufacture margarine (Rathore 2005). Sesame is known as benniseed, gingelly, sesame, sisim, til and hawari. The sesame seeds are rich source of food and edible oil, nutritious, healthcare and biomedicine. Its oil content generally varies from 48to 52% and contain 6355 Kcal/kg energy in seeds (Kumar and Goel in 1994) [16] the seeds are also rich source of proteins (20%-28%), sugars (14-16%), minerals (5-7%) and nutrients like calcium (1.31%)and phosphorous (0.07%) (Dinosa and Gupta 1993) [9] . A sesame is regarded fatty acid component / composition of its oil and its resistance to oxidation and rancidity even when stores at ambient air temp. Due to the presence of potent antioxidant sesame seeds are called as "The Seeds of Immortality" with growing health consciousness and sesame has recently immerged as a valuable crop. Sesame is cultivated over an area of more than 7 million ha in world with an annual production of 4 million tones and yield of 535 kg ha-1, India, Myanmar, Sudan, China are the major sesame growing countries. (Anonymous, 2014). It is noteworthy that is recent sesame seeds have been found to contain immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergens, with research report from France (Agne et al., 2003) [1] , Israel (Dalal et al., 2002) [5] , Italy (Pastorello et al., 2001) [22] and the U.S. The more prevalence of sesame seed allergy is probably attributed to the wider and expanding use of sesame seed in baked products and fast foods. Moreover, farmers in most of the time do not go for cultivation during summer season with scanty irrigation water and also for the fear of crop fosses. Hence, summer sesame becomes necessary to be an alternative oil seed crop which can be fit for fairly hot conditions during summer and can be produced with limited irrigation requirement to obtain maximum yield which ultimately uplift the economy of the farmers during the season. With this view a field trial was undertaken to study the "effect of the different levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and zinc-sulphate use on yield and quality of summer sesame."

Materials and Methods

A field experiment entitled "Response of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc sulphate under irrigated condition" was conducted in summer season during the year 2017, at Department of Agronomy Farm, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.).

Soil

To determine the physico-chemical properties of soil, samples from surface 0-30 cm depth were drawn before laying out the experiment from randomly selected spots from the entire experimental area. The soil under the very experimental area was analyzed which was low in available nitrogen (N) medium in available phosphorus (P), and high in available potassium (K).

Climate and weather

Akola is situated in the subtropical region at 22.42° N latitude and of 77.02° E longitude and at an altitude of 307.4 meters above mean sea level. The climate of the area is semi-arid characterized by three distinct season viz., hot and dry summer from March to May, warm and rainy monsoon from June to October and mild cold winter from November to February.

Experimental details Treatments

The experiment was carried out with 9 treatment combinations replicated 3 times. The allotment of the treatments to various plot were done randomly. The number of capsules and number of flowers from five selected observational plants was counted and means were calculated to obtain average number of capsules plant -1 and number of flowers respectively.

After counting the number of capsules plant -1 , the capsules from each of five plants were cut and air-dried separately followed by hot air oven drying. The weight of capsule plant -1 was then worked out.

The grains from five observational plants were weighed separately and average grain weight was then worked out.

The seed from single capsule of every observational plant from plots were weighted separately and mean were calculated to obtain average weight of seeds capsule -1. Test weight (g) Thousand seeds were counted and then weighed which were taken from a composite sample of seeds from produce of each net plot as measured in g.

The produce of net plot was collected, threshed cleaned and weighed separately for both seed and straw. The yield of observational plant was added to the net plot yield. Yield plot -1 was weighed and expressed as kg plot -1 and it was calculated in to hectare -1 then calculated for each treatment and expressed as seed yield kg ha -1 .

The weight of the straw was recorded for each treatment. This was done by deducting the weight of grain from the total weight of plants harvested and the weight was expressed as straw yield kg ha -1 .

Harvest index was calculated by using the following formula,

The oil percentage in seed was estimated separately as per the treatment by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrophotometer against a standard reference sample according to A.O.A.C. (1975).

Oil yield ha -1

From oil percentage seed oil yield was worked out by using following formula,

Statistical analysis and interpretation of data

The experimental data collected during the course of investigation were statistically analyzed with randomized block design (RBD) programmed by adopting standard statistical techniques of analysis of variance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) [13] .

Results and Discussion: Yield attributes and yield studies Number of capsule plant -1

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus

Levels of nitrogen significantly influenced the number of capsule plant-1. 125% N along with 30 kg ZnSo₄ recorded the highest number of capsule plant-1 (71.57), which was found significantly superior over all the treatments and control (60.03) and P2O5 levels In T 3 (125% RDF) recorded more significance over T 2 and T 1 (control).where as T 9 is on par with T 6 , T 5 , T 7 and T 8 but found significantly superior to rest over treatments respectively. It might be due to more availability of nitrogen during crop growth and increase in nutrient uptake in the root zone with adequate water supply and favourable temperature and adequate moisture during their growth period resulting in better growth and beneficial effect on flowering respectively. These findings are ilar with M. Asghar Malik et al. (2001) [17] and H. K. Patel et al.

(2011) [23] , and with A. K. [38] .

Effect of Zinc sulphate

Effect of zinc sulphate on number of capsules plant -1 was found significant. Among the different doses of ZnSo

The weight of capsule plant -1 was given in Table 2, indicating that capsule weight plant -1 was significantly influenced due to various treatments. The mean weight of capsule plant -1 was 18.46 g.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus

Nitrogen significantly influenced the weight of capsule plant-1. Nitrogen recorded highest weight of capsule plant-1 in T 9 (21.07 g), which was found significantly superior over all the treatments and at par with T 6 (21.00). The increase in yield attributes might be due to more uptake of nitrogen during the period of growth and availability of water at reproductive phase when plants need more moisture. As well as it might be due to favourable temperature during their growth period resulting in better growth and beneficial effect on flowering, better capsule setting and seed filling. These results are found in agreement with R. R. Damdar et al. (2011) and Kalpana Jamdhade et al.( 2011) [14] . And (2011) [23] .

Effect of zinc sulphate

Effect of zinc sulphate reached to the level of significance.

Along with 100% and 125% RDF 20 kg and 30 kg ZnSo [4] in T 6 and T 9 respectively produced good results than rest others and shows significance over them, on par with each other. Results found ilar with Gayatri Sahu et al. (2015) and Puste A. M. et al. (2015) [25] .

Nitrogen with 125% RDF significantly influenced the weight of seed plant -1 . In T 3 (125% RDF i.e. 31.25 kg N) recorded highest weight of seed plant -1 (11.99 g), which was found significantly superior over control (8.45 g) and at par with T 2 (100% RDF). [25] respectively.

Test weight (g): Test weight was presented in Table 2, indicating that test was significantly influenced due to various treatments. The mean test weight was 3.77 g.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc sulphate

Nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc sulphate application significantly influenced test weight. Nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc sulphate levels with 125% RDF+ 30 kg ZnSo [4] (T 9 ) recorded the highest test weight (4.09 g), which was found significantly superior over all the treatments and on par with100% RDF+20 kg ZnSo₄ (T 6 ). It might be due to efficient seed filling by better translocation of photosynthates by application of higher nitrogen doses resulted in improved weight of 1000 seeds, Due to phosphorus allows more photosynthates translocation towards seed after maturity, and due to Zinc accumulation at maturity stages when plant attains its full growth takes place in seeds thus sesame seeds are efficient source of zinc respectively. These results are in agreement with H. K. Patel et al. (2011) [23] and S. [17] and Z. [2] and Mean number of seeds capsule -1 were also not significantly influenced by application of ZnSo 4 at different rates. Results are found similar with H. E. Shehu (2005-06).

The average seed yield of summer sesame was 956.85 kg ha -1 .

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus

Nitrogen had significantly influenced the seed yield. 125% RDF (T 3 ) has significant results recorded the highest seed yield than control (T 1 ) but on par with 100% (T 2 ) having value of (T 3 ) is 847 kg ha -1 . The highest seed yield obtained is 1151 kg ha -1 in (T 9 ) which is best over all the treatments and quiet at par with 1116 kg ha -1 (T 6 ) and 1135 kg ha -1 (T 8 ). Increased supply of nitrogen resulted in greater cell elongation and increased leaf area leads to increased dry matter, number of capsules which resulted in higher yield as well as it might be due to optimum plant development with adequate moisture level resulted in better translocation of photosynthates and accumulation of food to the site of capsule formation. Thus it increases the plant growth which ultimately provides a large frame on which more flowers and eventually more capsule per plant developed. These results are found nearly similar with O. M. Kasab et al.

(2000-01), R. K. Sarkar et al. (2001-02) [26] [8] and A. Chakraborty (2009-10).

Effect of zinc sulphate

An effect showed seed yield ha -1 had significant differences amongst all the treatment combinations of zinc sulphate doses with RDF and increased RDF. In these combinations 100% RDF+30 kg ZnSo 4 (T 9 ), 100% RDF+ [25] with sulphur levels.

The average straw yield of summer sesame was 5063.19 kg ha -1 .

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on Straw yield (q ha - 1 )

Nitrogen and phosphorus affected stalk yield of sesame significantly with multiple numbers of irrigations. Highest straw yield (5671 kg ha-1) was obtained by application of 125% RDF + 30 kg ZnSo₄, which was significantly superior rest others but at par with T 6 , T 7 , and T 8 . Also only with 125% RDF i.e. 31.25 kg N produce significant results over 100% RDF and control. This might be due to improvement of growth parameters by increase in N and P doses with adequate irrigation water during different growth stages resulted in higher biomass production and caused maximum stalk and straw yield. These results are in conformity with A. Chakraborty (2009-10) [4] , Sonia Shilpi et al. (2009) [34] and Zeinolabedin Jooyban et al. (2009), Shahzad Ali et al.

(2012) [28] and A. K. Pagal et al. (2015-16). [34] and S. H. Shehu (2005-06).

Effect of zinc-sulphate

The highest harvest index (18. [2] .

Effect of zinc sulphate

As far as different ZnSo application.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on oil % Effect of nitrogen on oil content was though found significant but level of significance is not that so great extent but least only. 31.25 kg N show significance only over control and at par with 25 kg N. These are found in agreement with the results of Fathy S. et al. (2007) [11] , Snehangshu Sekhar Nayak et al. (2009-10) [32] , M. Asghar Malik et al.( 2001) [17] and H. K. Patel et al. (2011) [23] , and Oil content was affected significantly due to different phosphorus levels same as influenced by nitrogen levels in the same treatments. [38] . [11] and Snehangshu Sekhar Nayek et al. (2009-10). Oil yield (q ha -1 )

The data regarding oil yield as influenced by various treatments are presented in Table 4 and graphically depicted in Fig. 1 Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on oil yield Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on oil yield was found to be significant. If considered nitrogen and phosphorus levels 125% RDF in T3 treatment recorded oil yield of 413.98 kg ha -1 which was significantly superior over control T 1 (263.52 kg ha -1 ) and T 2 (398.31 kg ha -1 ) similarly. Oil yield is a function of oil content and seed yield thus, increased significantly with different nitrogen levels. These are found in agreement with the results of Fathy S. et al. (2007) [11] , Snehangshu Sekhar Nayak et al. (2009-10) [32] , M. Asghar Malik et al. (2001) [17] and H. K. Patel et al. (2011) [23] . [38] .

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