Study of heterosis for fruit yield and its yield components in Brinjal [Solanum melongena L.]

Introduction

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L., 2n = 24) is one of the most important vegetable crops of India, belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is commonly known by different vernacular names such as Ringan (Gujarati), Baingan (Hindi), Vangi (Marathi) and Katharikai (Tamil). It is believed to have originated in the Indo-Burma region and has been cultivated in India since ancient times. Due to its wide adaptability, brinjal is extensively grown in tropical and subtropical regions and is often referred to as the "poor man's vegetable" because of its high yield potential and affordability. Brinjal is valued for its nutritional richness, containing vitamins like ascorbic acid, niacin and vitamin B complex along with essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. The fruits are rich in moisture, fibre and carbohydrates and also contain antioxidant compounds like anthocyanins, especially in purple varieties. In India, brinjal is cultivated widely in states like West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat and the country ranks second in global production. The crop exhibits wide genetic variability in plant growth and fruit characteristics, which provides ample scope for improvement through breeding. Yield in brinjal is a complex trait governed by several component characters, making it essential to exploit available variability effectively. In this context, heterosis breeding has emerged as an important approach for enhancing yield and quality traits in brinjal. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, plays a significant role in increasing fruit yield and its contributing characters. The development and evaluation of hybrids help in identifying superior cross combinations with desirable performance over their parents and standard varieties. Therefore, estimation of heterosis for yield and its component traits is essential to identify promising hybrids for commercial cultivation and further crop improvement programmes.

Materials and Methods

The experimental material comprised of parents and their F 1 derived by crossing among nine parents viz., JBR-24-14, JBR-24-13, JBR-24-12, JBR-24-11, GJB-3, GJLB-4, GRB-7, Pant Rituraj and Pusa Kranti in a half-diallel fashion. (Table 1) Row to row and plant to plant spacing was 60 cm × 30 cm. To produce a better crop, the region's recommended agronomic practices were followed. Nine parental types were selected on the basis of morphological variability for growth, maturity, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit yield and yield contributing trait in brinjal. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications during rabi-2025-26 at Vegetable Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The observations were recorded on sixteen characters viz., days to first flowering, days to first picking, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), average fruit weight (g), fruit girth (cm), number of branches per plant, plant height (cm), days to last picking, number of pickings, total fruit yield per plant (kg), total soluble solids, fruit borer infestation (%), shoot borer infestation (%), Vitamin-C (100 mg) and total anthocyanin pigment (100 mg) and Mean data were used for statistical analysis. The variance analysis for each character was performed using the method described by [22] Panse and Sukhatme (1995). Heterosis was estimated in term of two parameters, i.e. heterobeltiosis (heterosis over better parental value) as suggested by [11] Fonseca and Patterson (1968) and standard heterosis (heterosis over standard check) as suggested by [18] Meredith and Bridge (1972).

Results and Discussion

The results showed that the mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for every character studied. The genotypic component was further divided into parents, hybrids and parents vs. hybrids. This partitioning revealed that the parents differed significantly among themselves for all traits, except day to first picking and number of primary branches per plant, whereas the hybrids exhibited highly significant differences for all characters. These findings confirm the presence of substantial genetic variability among both parents and hybrids across all traits under studied. (Table 2) Many crosses depicted significant heterosis over better parent and standard check in favourable direction for days to first flowering (6, 7), days to first picking (13, 4), number of fruits per plant (9, 8), fruit length (cm) (9, 7), average fruit weight (g) (5, 6), fruit girth (cm) (11, 7), number of primary branches per plant (12, 6), plant height (cm) (7, 14), days to last picking (2, 6), number of pickings (9, 15), total fruit yield per plant (g) (6, 2), total soluble solids(%) (4, 10), fruit borer infestation (%) (21, 10), shoot borer infestation (%) (25, 17), vitamin-C (100 mg) (7, 10) and total anthocyanin pigment (100 mg) (5, 18), respectively. (Table 2) Prformance of crosses in respect of heterosis over better parent and standard check (GJBH-4) revealed that the high magnitudes of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in desirable direction were found for days to first picking, fruit girth (cm), number of primary branches per plant, plant height (cm), number of pickings, fruit borer infestation (%), shoot borer infestation (%), total anthocyanin pigment (100 mg) and moderate magnitudes of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in desirable direction were found days to first flowering, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), total soluble solids, vitamin-c (100 mg) and low magnitudes of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in desirable direction were found average fruit weight (g), days to last picking, total fruit yield per plant (kg). Similar observations were also made by [23] Patel et al. (2017), [19] Mistry et al. (2018), [21] Pandey and Yadav (2018).

In brinjal, as earliness is desirable character in brinjal and days to first flowering is component which effects on earliness. Heterobeltiosis for this trait was ranged from -8.61 (JBR-24-12 × GJLB-4) to 8.28 per cent (Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti). The standard heterosis varied from -9.21% (JBR-24-12 × GJLB-4) to 6.58% (JBR-24-11 × GJB-3). This result matched with finding of [14] Khapte et al. (2017), [26] Rani et al. (2018), [2] Bagade et al. (2020), [35] Timmareddygari et al. (2021a). As earliness in days to first picking is a desirable trait and heterobeltiosis for this trait was varied from -12.70 (JBR-24-13 × GRB-7) to 7.87 per cent (JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj). the standard heterosis varied from -8.99% (JBR-24-12 × GJLB-4) to 7.87% (JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj). There findings are akin to [26] Rani et al. (2018), [2] Bagade et al. (2020), [35] Timmareddygari et al. (2021a). Considering heterosis over better parent, the variation for number of fruits per plant was from -18.10 (GJB-3 × Pusa Kranti) to 47.31 per cent (Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti). the standard heterosis varied from -27.40 (JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj) to 26.40 per cent (GJB-3 × GJLB-4). These results are agreed with the result obtained by [14] Khapte et al. (2017), [26] Rani et al. (2018), [20] Modh et al. (2019), [37] Valadares et al.

(2019), [35] Timmareddygari et al. (2021a), [13] Kanchana et al. (2024), [33] Sreevandana and Jana (2024a) and [34] Thota and Delvadiya (2025). More fruit length generally directly responsible for high yield and hence, their positive values found beneficial in brinjal. The estimates of heterobeltiosis was noted from -30.61 (JBR-24-11 × Pant Rituraj) to 43.81 per cent (JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj). Similarly, for spectrum range of standard heterosis was noted from -40.24 (JBR-24-14 × GJLB-4) to 16.33 per cent (GJB-3 × Pusa Kranti). These results are agreed with the result obtained by [16] Kumar et al. (2017), [19] Mistry et al. (2018), [20] Modh et al. (2019), [37] Valadares et al. (2019), [2] Bagade et al. (2020), [17] Makasare et al. (2020), [5] Datta et al. (2021a), [15] Kumar et al. (2022), [13] Kanchana et al. (2024), [33] Sreevandana and Jana (2024a) and [34] Thota and Delvadiya (2025). The heterobeltiosis ranged was found from -30.72 (JBR-24-11 × Pusa Kranti) to 18.21 per cent (JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj) for average fruit weight. The standard heterosis varied from -32.31 (JBR-24-14 × GJB-3) to 14.29 per cent (JBR-24-13 × Pusa Kranti). Positive estimation of heterosis in this trait was reported by [7] Deshmukh et al. (2015), Ansari and Singh (2016) [ [1] ], [3] Balwani et al. (2017), [14] Khapte et al. (2017), [16] Kumar et al. (2017), [26] Rani et al. (2018), [20] Modh et al. (2019), [37] Valadares et al. (2019), [2] Bagade et al. (2020), [17] Makasare et al. (2020), [35] Timmareddygari et al. (2021a), [15] Kumar et al. (2022), [36] Tripathy et al. (2025a). In case of brinjal, positive heterosis is desirable for fruit girth. The heterobeltiosis ranged from -10.70 (JBR-24-14 × GRB-7) to 31.61 per cent (JBR-24-13 × Pant Rituraj). The spectrum range of standard heterosis was noted from -10.00 (JBR-24-14 × GJLB-4) to 12.38 per cent (JBR-24-14 × JBR-24-11 and GJB-3 × GJLB-4). There finding confined the result of those reported by [16] Kumar et al. (2017), [20] Modh et al. (2019), [15] Kumar et al. (2022) and [34] Thota and Delvadiya (2025). For number of primary branches per plant, the estimates of heterobeltiosis ranged from -21.67 (JBR-24-11 × GJB-3) to 68.85 per cent (Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti). The range of standard heterosis was noted from -33.33 (JBR-24-11 × GJB-3) to 47.52 per cent (JBR-24-13 × GRB-7). Similar results were observed by [14] Khapte et al. (2017), [16] Kumar et al. (2017), [33] Sreevandana and Jana (2024a), [36] Kranti). The minimum and the maximum values of heterosis over standard check were -19.81 (JBR-24-12 × GRB-7) and 42.31 per cent (JBR-24-14 × GJLB-4). These results are agreed with the result obtained by [14] Khapte et al. (2017), [16] Kumar et al. (2017), [2] Bagade et al. (2020), [17] Makasare et al. (2020), [13] Kanchana et al. (2024). The values of heterobeltiosis for days to last picking ranged from -11.81 (GJB-3 × Pusa Kranti) to 9.50 per cent (JBR-24-12 × JBR-24-11). The standard heterosis varied from -6.44 (GJB-3 × GRB-7) to 8.42 per cent (JBR-24-12 × JBR24-11). These results also resemble to finding reported by [21] Pandey and Yadav (2018), [30] Siva et al. (2020), [25] Rahul et al. (2023), [28] Sharma et al. (2016) and [8] Dhaka and Kaushik (2022). The estimated heterosis over better parent varied from -8.33 (JBR-24-12 × JBR-24-11) to 16.28 per cent (GJB-3 × GJLB-4 and JBR-24-11 × GJB-3) for number of picking. The standard heterosis varied from 0.00 (JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj) to 18.60 per cent (GRB-7 × Pant Rituraj and JBR-24-13 × Pusa Kranti). These findings are akin to those of results reported by [12] Gadhiya et al. (2015) and [28] Sharma et al. (2016). The heterobeltiosis for this trait was ranged from -53.15 (JBR-24-11 × Pusa Kranti) to 39.69 per cent (GJLB-4 × GRB-7) for total fruit yield per plant. The highest desirable heterobeltiosis was found in cross GJLB-4 × GRB-7 (39.69%) followed by GJB-3 × GJLB-4 (37.71%), JBR-24-12 × GJLB-4 (37.11%) and Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti (35.63%). The standard heterosis varied from -61.93 (JBR-24-14 × GJLB-4) to 18.16 per cent (JBR-24-14 × JBR-24-11). The cross, JBR-24-14 × JBR-24-11 found the highest magnitude of standard heterosis (18.16%) in desirable direction followed by Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti (14.95%), GJLB-4 × GRB-7 (6.27%). These results were also agreed with the result obtained by [6] Desai et al. (2016), [29] Shende et al. (2016), [3] Balwani et al. (2017), [14] Khapte et al. (2017), [16] Kumar et al. (2017), [23] Patel et al. (2017), [27] Santhosha et al. (2017), [9] Dishri et al. (2018), [19] Mistry et al. (2018), [26] Rani et al. (2018), [10] Dutta et al. (2019), [20] Modh et al. (2019), [5] Datta et al. (2021a), [35] Timmareddygari et al. (2021a), [32] Solanki et al. (2022), [13] Kanchana et al. (2024), [33] Sreevandana and Jana (2024a), [24] Patel et al. (2025). The estimated heterosis over better parent varied from -34.49 (GJLB-4 × GRB-7) to 16.10 per cent (JBR-24-13 × Pant Rituraj) for total soluble solids. The standard heterosis varied from -16.20 (JBR-24-12 × JBR-24-11) to 40.26 per cent (GRB-7 × Pant Rituraj). These finding are akin to [4] Bhushan et al. (2016), [28] Sharma et al. (2016), [29] Shende et al. (2016), [3] Balwani et al. (2017), [26] Rani et al. (2018).

In brinjal, negative heterosis is desirable for fruit borer infestation. The heterobeltiosis for this trait was varied from -34.81 (JBR-24-13 × Pusa Kranti) to 32.38 per cent (JBR-24-11 × Pusa Kranti). The estimated heterosis over standard check (GJBH-4) varied from -21.31 (Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti) to 30.71 per cent (JBR-24-12 × GJB-3). Similar findings were also reported by [7] Deshmukh et al. (2015), [29] Shende et al. (2016), [31] Sivasankarreddy et al. (2025), [34] Thota and Delvadiya (2025). The negative heterosis is desirable for shoot borer infestation. The heterobeltiosis for this trait was varied -39.81 (JBR-24-13 × Pusa Kranti) to 13.81 per cent (GRB-7 × Pant Rituraj). The estimated heterosis over standard check (GJBH-4) varied from -37.37 (JBR-24-11 × Pusa Kranti) to 17.37 per cent (JBR-24-14 × GJB-3). These finding are akin to [7] Deshmukh et al. (2015), [31] Sivasankarreddy et al. (2025), [34] Thota and Delvadiya (2025). The values of heterobeltiosis for Vitamin-C ranged from -18.55 (JBR-24-12 × Pant Rituraj) to 35.83 per cent (JBR-24-13 × GJLB-4). The standard heterosis ranged from -6.33 (JBR-24-12 × Pant Rituraj) to 30.67 per cent (JBR-24-14 × GJLB-4, JBR-24-14 × Pant Rituraj and JBR-24-13 × GJLB-4). These results also resemble to finding reported by [4] Bhushan et al. (2016), [28] Sharma et al. (2016), [26] Rani et al. (2018), [35] Timmareddygari et al. (2021a). The estimated heterosis over better parent varied from -85.42 (GJB-3 × GJLB-4) to 19.28 per cent (JBR-24-13 × GJB-3) for total anthocyanin pigment. The standard heterosis varied from -83.14 (GJB-3 × GJLB-4) to 72.29 per cent (JBR-24-14 × JBR-24-12). These findings are akin to those of results reported by [38] Yadav et al. (2017). The highest, significant and positive standard heterosis was recorded in the hybrid JBR-24-14 × JBR-24-11 and Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti. High heterotic effect for fruit yield per plant in above crosses due to high heterotic response of one or more component traits. It is interesting to note that the high heterotic crosses for fruit yield per plant did not show high heterosis for all the yield component traits (Table 4). However, the current study found that significant and positive heterosis for fruit yield was associated with significantly desirable heterosis for two or more yield-contributetraits. A similar cumulative heterotic effect of two or more yield components on fruit yield per plant was previously reported by [9] Dishri et al. (2018), [26] Rani et al. (2018), [10] Dutta et al. (2019), [20] Modh et al. (2019), [5] Datta et al. (2021a), [33] Sreevandana and Jana (2024a), [24] Patel et al. (2025). Plant is erect in nature. Fruits are purple, big, round fruit and good shiny appearance. 2 JBR-24-13 Fruit size is round and fruits are castor colour. Plants have erect type habit and have a lower incidence of shoot and fruit borer.

JBR-24-12

Fruit size is medium long with round shape with long calyx. Fruits are purple in colour. Plant has semi-spreading type habit and resistant to Phomopsis blight. 4 JBR24-11 Fruits are light purple to pink in colour with good shining. Fruit size is medium long. It is resistant to Phomopsis blight.

GJB-3

Fruit is medium to big in size with oval shape and green in colour. Fruit pulp is creamy white with less seeds and fruit surface is smooth.

GJLB-4

Plants are non-spiny and spreading type. Fruits are long in shape, dark purple with pink tinge and glossy and medium resistance to fruit and shoot borer. 7 GRB-7 Purple colored fruits with grooves and round in shape. Semi Spreading type of habit.

8 Pant Rituraj Plants are medium in size and spreading. Fruits are medium to big in size with oval shape. Fruits are purple in color with good shine. The resistance again fruit and shoot borer.

Pusa Kranti

The fruits are oblong and stocky, with attractive dark purple colour and shining green calyx and fruits contain fewer seed and less damage of fruit and shoot borer.

Fruit is medium in size with an oblong shape and pink purple in colour with good shining. The fruit pulp is white with less seeds and the fruit surface is smooth.

Conclusion

From ongoing discussion, it could be concluded that sufficient amount of variation and diversity was present in the material for fruit yield and its components trait. The crosses GJLB-4 × GRB-7, GJB-3 × GJLB-4 and JBR-24-12 × GJLB-4 manifested maximum heterobeltiosis and other crosses viz., JBR-24-14 ×

Acknowledgement

JBR-24-11 and Pant Rituraj × Pusa Kranti displayed high magnitude of standard heterosis along with high per se performance for fruit yield per plant and some of its components. So, these crosses can be used for exploitation of the heterosis breeding.

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