Effect of growth regulators on growth and yield of Patchouli under agroforestry system

Introduction

Agroforestry is a collective name for land use system and technologies where woody perennials (tree, shrubs, bamboos etc.) are deliberately used on the same land management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. Agroforestry, or the planting of tree species and agricultural crops, is a centuries-old and still widely practiced worldwide. It refers to a wide range of land-use policies and systems. Patchouli is a plant that thrives in the shade. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is a Lamiaceae plant famous for its medicinal and aromatic properties. Patchouli is cultivated for the essential oil it produces. Patchouli essential oil is derived primarily from steam distillation of shade dried leaves. It is well-known for its distinctive woody, earthy, camphoraceous odour, which lasts for a long time. It's particularly noteworthy because the essential oil extracted is significant and valuable on a global scale, primarily for the aromatherapy, perfumery, cosmetics, incense stick manufacturing, and food flavouring industries. It is a shrub by perennial plant that grows up to 1 metre (3 feet) in height. The 3 broad fragrant leaves are borne oppositely along the branching stems and are roughly oval in shape and irregularly toothed. The leaves and stems are also densely hairy. The tiny light purple to white flowers has long stamens and is arranged in thick woolly spikes. Cuttings are widely used to spread the plants. The crop can thrive in areas with moderately heavy and uniformly distributed rainfall, ranging from 150 to 300 cm per year. These are hardy plants that can adapt to a variety of soil conditions. Deep, well-drained, fertile, slightly acidic, deep loamy soil rich in humus and nutrients are needed. Plant growth regulators are chemical substances that, when used in small quantities, alter plant growth and metabolism by stimulating or inhibiting a part of the natural growth regulatory system. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are known to boost physiological performance, including the plant's photosynthetic potential, and play a key role in increasing crop yields. PGRs are also known to improve the source-sink relationship and stimulate photo assimilate translocation, resulting in increased productivity.

Materials and Methods:

The experiment was carried out at Raipur is situated in Eastern Central part of C.G. at latitudes of 210 16' N, longitude of 81036'E and 289.5 m above Mean Sea Level. The source of rainfall is south-western monsoon. It receives an average annual rainfall of 1326 mm (based on 80 years mean), mostly (85%) concentrated during the period of June to September. The weekly maximum temperature raised up to46°C during summer and minimum temperature reaches as low as to 6°C during winter season. Experimental was laid out in a Randomized block design with 8 treatments T1 NAA @ 20 ppm at 60 and 75 Days After Planting (DAP),T 2 NAA @ 40 ppm at 60 and 75 DAP, T 3 Miraculan/Triacontanol @ 100 ppm at 60 and 75 DAP,T 4 Miraculan /Triacontanol @ 200 ppm at 60 and 75 DAP, T 5 GA @ 20 ppm at 60 and 75 DAP, T 6 GA @ 40 ppm at 60 and 75 DAP 19, T 7 Kinetin@200ppm at 60 DAP+40 ppm at 75 DAP, T 8 Control. Patchouli was intercropped at spacing 40x30cm. Fertilizer were added in three split doses, as a basal dose half of the nitrogen (N) & potassium (K) and full phosphorus were applied in the field. Irrigation was given as per requirement according to field moisture and seasonal rains. The soil of experimental field was black clayey soil which belongs to the order Vertisols and it is locally known as Kanhar. The soil of experimental site was very rich in organic carbon and other nutrient because of the addition of litter in the soil every year.

Statistical Analysis

The data of all parameters of Patchouli collected precisely was tabulated, computed and statistical analysis done by using wordexcel spreadsheet a open Randomize block design.

Result and Discussion

Plant growth regulators function as chemical messengers for intercellular communication. They are currently five recognized groups of plant hormones: NAA, gibberellins, Miraculan, and Kinetin. They work together coordinating the growth and development of cells. Patchouli is an aromatic crop that includes essential oil in its leaves, stems, and in certain species, flowers. Exogenous administration of PGRs can boost herbage as well as oil output.

Morpho-physiological and growth parameters

Plant growth regulators had a substantial impact on the morphological Characteristics of plant such as plant height, number of branches, and number of leaves. Plant height is mostly a genetically determined trait, however various research have shown that synthetic plant growth regulators can be used to raise or decrease plant height. However, in the present investigation significant differences in plant height were noticed due to plant growth regulators. The significant variations in morpho-physiological yield attributing parameters and yield of patchouli as recorded among different plant growth regulators treatments.

The results related to plant height (cm) have been presented inTable4.1and Fig. 4.1. During 60 DAP, the plant height recorded with different treatments recorded nonsignificant. The plant height during 60 DAP was ranging from 38.65 to 33.34 cm with the grand mean of 35.93 cm. During 90 DAP the plant height was significantly higher NAA@20ppm (70.44 cm) and was least with control (35.05 cm) with the grand mean of 61.12 cm. During 120 DAP, significantly higher plant height was recorded in case of the treatment NAA@20ppm (80.30 cm) and similar treatment recorded was significantly higher plant height at the time of harvesting. The least plant height recorded was 63.60 cm and 65.05 cm with control during 120 DAP and at the time of harvesting.

Collar diameter

The collar diameters of patchouli at 60 DAP recorded significantly higher with the treatment NAA@ 20 ppm (10.84 cm) and with NAA@ 40 ppm (10.83 cm). The least collar diameter was recorded with control (8.47 cm). At 90 DAP the collar diameter recorded non-significant among different treatments and was ranging from 11.26 cm to 15.21 cm. During 120 DAP the significantly higher collar diameter was recorded with the treatment Kinetin@200 ppm (16.78 cm) and the least was recorded with the control (11.94 cm) with the grand mean of 14.51 cm. At the time of harvesting significantly higher collar diameter was recorded with the treatment NAA@90 ppm (20.37 cm) and with the treatment Kinetin@200ppm (20.93 cm) and the least was recorded with control (15.05 cm). The collar diameter at 60 DAPS, 90DAP, 120 DAP and at the time of harvesting are presented below in the table 4.

Total herbage and oil content in Patchouli

The fresh weight of patchouli was recorded significantly higher with the treatment Miraculan@100ppm (32.55) and kinetin @ 200 ppm (29.75) and the least were recorded with control (12.28). The dry weight recorded non-significant among different treatments which was ranging from 1.80 to 3.64. The oil content was significantly higher with the treatment Kinetin@200ppm (9.91) and the least was recorded with control

Conclusion

It may be concluded from the present in visitation that plant growth regulators especially NAA@20ppm, NAA @ 40 ppm, GA @ 20 ppm, Kinetin @ 200 ppm + GA @ 40 ppm and Miraculan @ 300ppmwas proved to be potent PGR to enhance the different morpho-physiological and structural components of patchouli and increasing the yield potential form of herbage as well as oil content over control. Also karanj inter cropped with patchouli recorded significantly yield attributes.

Suggestions for Further Work

The following suggestions may be made for further studies on plant growth regulators in patchouli. 1. To conclude the results experiment should be repeated.

2. There are number of commercial formulations of plant growth regulators which need to be tested at different concentrations to identify suitable growth regulators and its concentration for improving future studies in patchouli. 3. The need to study the combine defect of plant growth regulators and micronutrients spray on growth, physiology and yield of patchouli.

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