Genetic variability, heritability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Introduction

Coriander represents one of the most significant spice crops within the Apiaceae family and is cultivated extensively throughout India for both its dried seeds and fresh green leaves. The seeds and leaves are commonly utilized in culinary applications to enhance food aroma and flavor. Beyond their culinary applications, coriander seeds possess considerable medicinal and nutritional value due to their content of essential oils, antioxidants, vitamins, and other beneficial compounds. India ranks among the world's leading producers and consumers of coriander, making this crop essential to the nation's spice industry. Previous research by scholars such as Basol et al. [1] demonstrated substantial variation among different coriander cultivars, highlighting the importance of investigating genetic diversity for crop improvement (Abdurrahman Basol et al., 2024) [1] . Consequently, enhancing coriander yield and overall plant performance has become a primary objective for plant breeders. Despite its economic importance, coriander production remains suboptimal in many regions. This limitation stems primarily from the scarcity of high-yielding varieties, climate change impacts, and insufficient systematic breeding programs. Therefore, improving seed yield and other relevant characteristics constitutes one of the principal goals of coriander breeding initiatives. Understanding the extent of genetic diversity and inheritance patterns of various traits is essential before selecting superior plants for improvement programs, as yield represents a complex trait influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Genetic diversity serves as the foundation of every crop improvement program, as it enables breeders to identify and select superior plant genotypes. Parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability, and genetic advance measure the level of diversity within a crop population and the extent to which traits can be improved through selection International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research 2026; SP-10(5): 853-861 (Abdurrahman Basol et al., 2024) [1] . Traits exhibiting high heritability and high genetic advance, which are predominantly controlled by genetic factors, can be effectively improved through direct selection. Heritability and genetic advance provide breeders with insights into the genetic influence on traits and the potential improvement achievable through selection. Traits demonstrating high heritability and high genetic advance are generally considered more suitable for crop improvement, as they respond favorably when superior plants are selected. Studies by Kulumsa et al. and Moharana et al. have reported comparable findings regarding genetic diversity and inheritance in coriander. Correlation analysis serves as a vital statistical tool for examining relationships between various plant characteristics and their influence on seed yield. However, correlation alone cannot determine whether a character's effect on yield is direct or indirect. Path coefficient analysis is therefore employed to differentiate between the direct and indirect effects of various traits on yield. This enhances the efficiency of selection within breeding programs and assists researchers in identifying the critical characteristics that contribute to increased seed production. Recent studies conducted by Kumar et al. [6] and Marker [11] have further underscored the importance of correlation and path coefficient analysis for recognizing significant yieldrelated traits in coriander. Although coriander represents a major commercial crop, environmental conditions and the complex genetic control of yield-associated traits continue to influence coriander productivity. Consequently, it becomes crucial to evaluate different coriander genotypes and identify superior varieties possessing higher yield potential and desirable characteristics. Given these considerations, the present study was conducted under Rabi conditions in Uttarakhand to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, and path coefficient analysis among different coriander genotypes (Abdurrahman Basol et al., 2024) [1] . The primary objective of this study was to identify superior coriander genotypes and important selection criteria that could contribute to enhancing seed production in future breeding programs.

Materials and Methods:

The current experiment was conducted in the Experimental field of Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, during the Rabi season of 2025-2026. The study's primary objective was to evaluate various coriander cultivars and identify those best adapted to Uttarakhand's climatic conditions. For the experiment, fourteen coriander genotypes were selected along with one check, representing different coriander lines and varieties. The investigation employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. This methodology enhanced the experiment's accuracy and reliability by minimizing the influence of environmental variations including soil fertility, moisture content and sunlight distribution across the field. Sixteen important plant characteristics related to plant growth, flowering, maturity, and seed production were monitored throughout the trial. These included the number of umbels per plant, the number of seeds per umbel, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of leaves per plant, days to flowering, days to maturity, seeds per plant, seeds per hectare, and days required for 50% germination. These characteristics were comprehensively analyzed as they contribute to understanding the overall productivity and performance of each coriander genotype. After data collection, the observations were statistically analyzed to determine whether significant differences existed among the coriander varieties. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the Randomized Block Design methodology proposed by Panse and Sukhatme. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were calculated using the methodology recommended by Burton and DeVane. These analyses quantified the extent of diversity among coriander genotypes and revealed the degree to which environmental factors influenced the expression of various traits. Heritability and genetic advancement were calculated using methods suggested by previous research. These parameters helped determine whether genetic factors predominantly controlled the traits and assessed the potential for selection to improve them in future breeding programs. Additionally, correlation analysis and path coefficient analysis were employed to examine the relationships between various plant characteristics and their direct and indirect contributions to seed yield. These investigations helped identify the most important traits associated with enhanced seed yield for selecting superior coriander varieties in future crop improvement programs. LG-1 Sahaspur Dehradun Local Farmer Variety 4.

LG-2 Vikasnagar Dehradun Local Farmer Variety 5.

LG The Significant variation was observed among coriander genotypes regarding growth, flowering, and yield-related parameters. This variation demonstrates that characteristics such as plant development, flowering duration, seed production, and overall yield capacity differed substantially across genotypes. Through systematic evaluation of genotypic performance, researchers identified superior genotypes possessing desirable attributes that may contribute to future breeding programs and agricultural improvement strategies (Choudhary et al., 2025) [2] . Among all evaluated genotypes, LC-D1 demonstrated exceptional performance across multiple critical yieldrelated parameters, including seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, and seed yield per hectare. Furthermore, this genotype exhibited elevated values for leaf number per plant and 1000-seed weight, indicating considerable potential for enhanced productivity. The superior performance characteristics of LC-D1 position it as a promising candidate for developing high-yielding coriander cultivars. The genotype LG-3 consistently exhibited strong performance across several important yield-contributing parameters, including plant height, umbel number per plant, seed number per umbel, and total seed production. The robust performance of this genotype indicates favorable growth and yield characteristics, establishing its value for subsequent breeding initiatives aimed at enhancing coriander productivity. Similarly, genotype ML-1 demonstrated superior performance in yield-related characteristics, particularly regarding primary branch number and leaf count per plant. Given the positive correlation between these traits and seed production, the exceptional performance of ML-1 suggests its potential utility in coriander improvement programs (Choudhary et al., 2025) [2] . Genotype LG-2 exhibited reduced values for days to 50% germination and days to first flowering, both characteristics associated with earliness. This indicates that the genotype achieved earlier germination and flowering compared to other genotypes. Early maturity and flowering represent critical attributes in crop breeding, as they enable plants to complete their developmental cycle more rapidly and potentially avoid unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, LG-2 may prove valuable in developing earlymaturing coriander cultivars (Choudhary et al., 2025) [2] . The superior performance of these genotypes indicates strong potential for incorporation into future hybridization and crop development programs. These genotypes may serve as valuable parental lines for creating coriander varieties characterized by high yield, enhanced productivity, and adaptability to diverse cultivation environments as represented under table 3 and4. For all sixteen characters examined, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among the fourteen coriander genotypes. This demonstrates conclusively that the coriander varieties utilized in the experiment possess substantial genetic diversity. In plant breeding, genetic diversity is essential as it enables researchers to identify and select superior genotypes with desirable traits including higher yield, improved growth, and enhanced adaptability (Abdurrahman Basol et al., 2024) [1] .

Several key characteristics, including seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, number of umbels per plant, and number of umbellets per umbel, exhibited considerable variation. The presence of this variation indicates that the coriander genotypes in this study were genetically diverse. This diversity is beneficial because it provides additional opportunities to select superior genotypes for future breeding and crop improvement programs. For every character examined in this study, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) exceeded the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). This indicates that environmental factors also influenced the expression of these traits to some extent. However, the difference between PCV and GCV values was relatively small for several traits, suggesting that genetic factors also played a substantial role in these characteristics. GCV and PCV values for yield attributes in coriander. In contrast, traits including plant height, days to maturity, and days to flowering showed relatively limited variation among the coriander genotypes. Reduced variability for these traits suggests that these characteristics were more stable under the current environmental conditions and that the genotypes were more uniform for these attributes. This also indicates that these traits had a narrower genetic base compared to the yield-related characteristics represent in table 5.

Plant breeders can better understand how much of a trait's variation is transmitted through genes from parents to subsequent generations by utilizing the fundamental genetic concept of heritability. Simply stated, it helps researchers determine whether a trait is primarily influenced by genetic factors or by environmental factors such as temperature, soil fertility, rainfall, and climate. Genetic progress refers to the degree of improvement in a trait that can be achieved when superior-performing plants are selected and used in breeding programs. [2] have reported similar findings indicating moderate to high heritability and genetic progress for yield-related parameters in coriander. These studies also revealed that appropriate selection and breeding methods can successfully improve yield-related characteristics in coriander. However, characteristics including plant height, days to flowering, and days to maturity demonstrated limited genetic progress and moderate heritability. This suggests that these traits are influenced by environmental factors, non-additive gene action, and genetic factors. Consequently, improving these traits through direct selection would not be highly effective; instead, more sophisticated breeding approaches might be required. Overall, the study's combined results of heritability and genetic progress indicate that selection for seed production and other important yield-related traits can be effectively implemented in coriander breeding programs. These findings suggest that there is substantial potential for developing coriander varieties with enhanced yields and improved performance through appropriate breeding and selection strategies.

The correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among multiple key traits influencing seed yield at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. These findings demonstrate that specific plant characteristics exhibited strong correlations with seed production, whereby enhancement of these traits correspondingly increased seed yield. Primary branches per plant, leaves per plant, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, and test weight all demonstrated robust positive correlations with seed yield per plant. These results suggest that plants exhibiting greater numbers of branches, leaves, umbels, and seeds, along with superior seed weight, typically generated higher seed yields.

Particularly noteworthy were the exceptionally strong positive correlations observed between seed yield and both the number of umbels per plant and the number of seeds per umbel. These findings establish these two characteristics as fundamental determinants for enhancing overall coriander productivity and maximizing seed production. Consequently, breeding programs may achieve greater success in developing high-yielding coriander varieties through selection of plants possessing increased umbel numbers and higher seed counts per umbel. Notably, genotypic correlation coefficients consistently exceeded their phenotypic counterparts. This pattern indicates that genetic factors exerted greater influence on trait relationships than environmental factors. These characteristics therefore demonstrate enhanced reliability for implementation in breeding and selection programs due to their inherent genetic linkage through inheritance mechanisms. The positive correlations observed among yield-contributing traits indicate that enhanced seed yield may be achieved through direct yield selection or through selection of plants demonstrating superior performance for associated traits. Consequently, indirect selection utilizing key component traits such as umbels per plant and seeds per umbel represents a valuable approach in coriander improvement programs.

These findings corroborate previous coriander research. The present results demonstrate strong concordance with investigations conducted by Kumar et al. and Marker, [6,11] who reported comparable significant positive correlations between coriander seed yield and both umbel number per plant and seed number per umbel. Path coefficient analysis was employed to decompose correlation coefficients into their direct and indirect components, thereby facilitating the precise identification of traits with the greatest influence on seed production. This analytical approach enabled researchers to distinguish between plant characteristics that directly enhance seed output and those that exert their influence through intermediary pathways (Choudhary et al., 2025) [2] . Plants exhibiting greater umbel numbers, increased seeds per umbel, enhanced seed weight, and expanded foliage consistently generated superior seed yields. The demonstration of significant positive direct effects for these traits underscores their critical role in determining seed yield outcomes. Consequently, these characteristics may be considered reliable and effective selection criteria for coriander breeding programs. Traits demonstrating both substantial direct yield effects and strong positive correlations are generally recognized as superior candidates for indirect selection, as their improvement will ultimately contribute to enhanced overall seed production.

The present study's results suggest that these characteristics should receive priority consideration when selecting superior coriander genotypes for yield enhancement. By emphasizing traits such as umbel number per plant, seed number per umbel, test weight, and leaf number per plant, plant breeders can more effectively develop high-yielding coriander cultivars. Some of the parameters show positive response while other shows negative response to the yield. In Phenotypic as well as Genotypic path matrix parameters such as NUP, TSW and SYPG shows the direct influence to the yield of the plant leading to the selection of these parameters for the improvement of the yield traits.

Corroborating evidence from Moharana et al. and Kumar et al. [6] demonstrated comparable positive direct effects on seed yield from umbel number per plant, test weight, and seed number per umbel. These studies further confirmed the significant contribution of these traits to enhanced coriander seed production. Trait D50G PH NPB NLP DFF D50F DM NUP NUU NSU TSW SYPG SYPK SYHK SYHT SYP D50G 0.0017 0.0003 -0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.1168 PH -0.0014 -0.0073 -0.0032 -0.0025 0.0032 -0.0005 0.0005 -0.0023 -0.0012 -0.0025 -0.0042 -0.0027 -0.0028 -0.0027 -0.0027 0.3656* NPB 0.0001 -0.0011 -0.0026 -0.0016 0.0004 0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0017 -0.0003 -0.0015 -0.0018 -0.0018 -0.0018 -0.0018 0.7012** NLP 0.0000 -0.0007 -0.0013 -0.0021 0.0000 -0.0002 -0.0011 -0.0018 -0.0001 -0.0018 -0.0012 -0.0016 -0.0016 -0.0016 -0.0016 0.7581** DFF 0.0001 -0.0004 -0.0001 0.0000 0.0008 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.1145 D50F 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0802 DM -0.0001 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0002 0.0001 -0.0005 -0.0002 0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 0.3385* NUP -0.0006 0.0042 0.0089 0.0113 -0.0004 0.0012 0.0058 0.0134 0.0002 0.0130 0.0077 0.0098 0.0097 0.0099 0.0099 0.7336** NUU -0.0015 0.0010 0.0008 0.0004 -0.0005 0.0011 -0.0011 0.0001 0.0059 0.0006 -0.0008 -0.0008 -0.0008 -0.0008 -0.0008 -0.1294 NSU 0.0004 -0.0049 -0.0099 -0.0123 -0.0003 -0.0009 -0.0073 -0.0142 -0.0015 -0.0146 -0.0083 -0.0108 -0.0107 -0.0108 -0.0109 0.7400** TSW 0.0019 0.0102 0.0102 0.0103 -0.0012 -0.0003 0.0019 0.0103 -0.0023 0.0101 0.0179 0.0130 0.0133 0.0131 0.0131 0.7337** SYPG 0.2472 0.7759 1.4830 1.6044 0.2413 0.1625 0.7185 1.5525 -0.2748 1.5663 1.5407 2.1123 2.1013 2.1122 2.1108 0.9997** SYPK -0.0025 -0.0081 -0.0149 -0.0157 -0.0019 -0.0010 -0.0065 -0.0153 0.0027 -0.0155 -0.0157 -0.0210 -0.0211 -0.0210 -0.0210 0.9944** SYHK -0.1616 -0.5062 -0.9659 -1.0453 -0.1559 -0.0996 -0.4665 -1.0120 0.1799 -1.0208 -1.0048 -

Trait D50G PH

NPB NLP DFF D50F DM NUP NUU NSU TSW SYPG SYPK SYHK SYHT SYP D50G 0.0011 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 -0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.1146 PH -0.0011 -0.0056 -0.0025 -0.0020 0.0025 -0.0004 0.0005 -0.0016 -0.0009 -0.0018 -0.0032 -0.0020 -0.0021 -0.0020 -0.0020 0.3546* NPB 0.0003 -0.0022 -0.0049 -0.0031 0.0009 0.0005 -0.0007 -0.0031 -0.0006 -0.0031 -0.0029 -0.0034 -0.0034 -0.0034 -0.0034 0.6832** NLP 0.0000 -0.0037 -0.0066 -0.0105 0.0005 -0.0010 -0.0045 -0.0081 -0.0007 -0.0080 -0.0063 -0.0075 -0.0073 -0.0076 -0.0076 0.7168** DFF 0.0001 -0.0006 -0.0002 -0.0001 0.0013 0.0004 0.0005 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0001 -0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.1242 D50F 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0009 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 0.0793 DM 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0001 0.0004 0.0004 0.0001 0.0010 0.0004 -0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.3406* NUP -0.0007 0.0062 0.0133 0.0165 0.0000 0.0016 0.0096 0.0213 0.0003 0.0208 0.0111 0.0156 0.0155 0.0156 0.0157 0.7304** NUU -0.0018 0.0012 0.0009 0.0005 -0.0006 0.0012 -0.0013 0.0001 0.0070 0.0007 -0.0008 -0.0010 -0.0009 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.1367 NSU 0.0004 -0.0056 -0.0114 -0.0137 -0.0009 -0.0008 -0.0092 -0.0175 -0.0017 -0.0179 -0.0091 -0.0132 -0.0131 -0.0133 -0.0133 0.7373** TSW 0.0014 0.0087 0.0088 0.0091 -0.0017 0.0001 0.0009 0.0078 -0.0018 0.0077 0.0151 0.0105 0.0106 0.0105 0.0105 0.6976** SYPG 0.2289 0.7115 1.3647 1.4338 0.2450 0.1520 0.6807 1.4579 -0. The present investigation's results conclusively established substantial genetic diversity among the examined coriander genotypes. This genetic variability represents a fundamental asset for plant breeding programs, as it facilitates the identification and selection of superior cultivars possessing desirable characteristics (Crossa et al., 2017) [3] . Seed yieldrelated traits demonstrated moderate to high heritability values coupled with moderate genetic advance, indicating that these attributes are predominantly governed by genetic factors and can be effectively improved through direct selection methodologies. Among the evaluated coriander genotypes, LC-D1, LG-3, and ML-1 displayed superior performance across critical growth and productivity parameters. These exceptional genotypes present valuable opportunities as potential parental material for future hybridization programs and breeding initiatives focused on enhancing seed production and other commercially important traits in coriander. The selection of plants based on these significant yielddetermining characteristics may facilitate the development of high-yielding coriander cultivars well-suited to Uttarakhand's environmental conditions. The outcomes of this research provide substantial value to both researchers and coriander breeding specialists. Additionally, these findings may contribute significantly to future crop improvement programs dedicated to increasing productivity, improving environmental adaptation, and developing enhanced coriander varieties for agricultural producers and commercial cultivation enterprises.

Conclusion

This investigation demonstrated substantial genetic diversity among fourteen coriander genotypes evaluated under Rabi growing conditions in Uttarakhand. Significant genotypic variations were observed across all sixteen morphological, phenological, and yield-related traits analyzed. This genetic variability represents a valuable resource for plant breeding programs, providing opportunities for selective improvement and enhanced agricultural productivity through systematic breeding approaches. The analysis revealed that phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) consistently exceeded genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) across all measured traits. This pattern indicates moderate environmental influence on character expression. Nevertheless, several key yield-related traits exhibited moderate to high heritability coupled with substantial genetic advance. These findings suggest that additive gene effects primarily govern the inheritance of these characteristics, indicating reliable transmission of genetic traits across generations. Consequently, these attributes can be effectively improved through strategic selection methodologies. Among the evaluated coriander genotypes, LC-D1, LG-3, and ML-1 emerged as superior performers based on seed yield and associated yield-contributing parameters. These genotypes demonstrated consistently enhanced performance relative to other entries in the evaluation. Their exceptional characteristics position them as valuable parental material for future coriander improvement programs and hybridization efforts aimed at developing high-yielding and efficient cultivars. The research findings provide significant contributions to coriander genetic improvement strategies. These results will assist researchers and breeding specialists in developing cultivars with enhanced adaptability, superior yield potential, and improved performance under Uttarakhand's specific agroclimatic conditions. However, comprehensive evaluation across diverse environments and climatic scenarios remains essential to assess the stability and consistent performance of these promising genotypes before their widespread integration into breeding and cultivar development initiatives.

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