Rumen impaction in bovines: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Rumen impaction is a significant digestive disorder in bovines characterized by the accumulation of indigestible feed materials or foreign bodies within the rumen, leading to impaired motility, altered fermentation, and systemic metabolic disturbances. The condition is commonly associated with poor-quality fibrous diets, inadequate water intake, and ingestion of non-biodegradable materials such as plastics. Clinical manifestations include anorexia, abdominal distension, reduced rumination, and decreased faecal output. Hematobiochemical alterations reflect dehydration, toxaemia, and electrolyte imbalance. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, rumen fluid analysis, and supportive diagnostic techniques. Therapeutic management depends on the severity of the condition, with medical treatment in mild cases and surgical intervention in severe cases. Preventive strategies focusing on improved feeding management and environmental sanitation are essential. This review discusses the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of rumen impaction in bovines.