Analysis of area, production, productivity and economic returns of Rabi onion to different states of India

Introduction

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important commercial vegetables that form of the daily diet. In India, onion crop is widely grown in different part of the country. Based on FAOSTAT data for 2022, the worldwide onion (including shallots) production are was approximately 5.9 million hectares. Onions produced by India are famous for their pungency and available round the year. Onion is an indispensable item in every kitchen as continent and vegetable. It is used either in raw form and dehydrated form to add favour and taste to Indian cousins. Since onion has medicinal value, it is used in some pharmaceutical preparation also. China ranks first in area and second in onion production in the world. During 2021-22, the state wise area under onion in India has presented in table 1. The productivity of onion is much low in India than the world average (Lawande, 2005) [7] . The production and productivity of onion is varying in state to state specially in Uttarakhand are low in compared to Jammu & Kashmir, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and other onion growing states. That is due to lack of knowledge to farmers regarding suitable seasons, un availability of high yielding varieties, varieties for different seasons, climate, Soil and improved cultivation techniques are the main reasons. Unawareness of the characteristic of the varieties, seasonality's and adoption of proper package of practices are also the reasons responsible for limiting the production and productivity of onion directly or indirectly (Pandey and Bhondey, 2002) [8] . In the study made to compile production level of onion crop at state wise, it comes to know that, among all the production state contribute a major share in the onion crop production. Hence, a large number of crop demonstrations on integrated crop management in onion with new high yielding variety were conducted in 2021-22 during rabi season by National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation, in different locations of Twelve states through TDTD (Technology Dissemination through Demonstration) under National Horticulture Mission at selected farmers' fields, but adoption level was highly varied. Any technological improvement or productivity enhance in agriculture, not only contributes to overall economic growth but it also provides immediate microeconomic benefits for a large number of rural households. Onion production was found much higher in Rabi season compared to the kharif and late kharif season. Market price of input that was prevailing at the time of their use was considered for working out of cost of cultivation. The gross return was calculated on the basis of market price of the produce at the time when the produce is ready for sale. Net return Rupees per hectare was calculated by deducting the cost of production from the gross income.pple (CA) leaves of various sizes were gathered.

Results and Discussion

In this analysis, identified onion crop yield & productivity gap between different states of India which is influences the productivity of the country. The yield data regarding bulb yield of onion crop, technology gap, technology index, net return and cost benefit ratio of onion crop during 2021-22 were presented in [2] . Maximum technology gap was recorded in Tamil Nadu state in 175.00 q/ha, followed by Karnataka CO-ON-5 & A.Rose 170 q/ha and Rajasthan 125 q/ha, whereas minimum in Madhya Pradesh 30 q/ha followed by Odisha, Bihar & West Bengal 50.00, Gujrat & Maharashtra Agrifound Light Red 75.00, Uttar Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh 100 q/ha and Haryana & Maharashtra NHRDF Red-3 115 q/ha. The results are in conformity with the findings of Tiwari and Divya (2025) [9] . The technology index shows the feasibility of the technology at farmer's field and adoption sincerity of the farmers in state. The lower value of technology index more is the feasibility. Table 3 revealed that the technology index was minimum in Madhya Pradesh 8.57% followed by Odisha, Bihar & West Bengal 14.28%, Gujarat & Maharashtra Agrifound Light Red 21.42%, Uttar Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh 28.57% and Maharashtra NHRDF Red-3 & Haryana 32.85%, whereas maximum in Tamil Nadu 50% followed by Karnataka 48.57% and Rajasthan 35.71%. It was also observed from table no-1 that obtained state average yield was higher than the state productivity that is due to awareness in practices/programme, which was running during period. The data obtained regarding cost benefit ratio all the 12 states of India were presented in Table 4. It is revealed that monetary returns were directly influenced by the market price of onion bulbs and cost of production during the year and production as well as productivity of the state. It is revealed that the higher net monetary returns of Rs 461018.00 in Odisha followed by Madhya Pradesh Rs 416710.00, West Bengal Rs 403046.00, Bihar Rs 397901.00 and Gujarat Rs 383096.00, whereas lowest in Tamil Nadu Rs 127867.00 followed by Karnataka A. Rose Rs 218272.00, Karnataka CO-ON-5 Rs 235329.00 and Rajasthan Rs 273210.00 and it was due to maximum expenses incurred on cost of production and use of un balance agri inputs, it can be increase by reduces the unnecessary & over expanses on un balances use of chemicals & fertilizers with pesticides. Similarly highest B: C ratio was observed in Odisha 4.31 followed by Gujarat 3.29, Uttar Pradesh 3.15, West Bengal 3.04 and Bihar 2.96, whereas lowest cost benefit ratio was observed in Tamil Nadu 1.57 followed by Maharashtra Agrifound Light Red 2.36, Rajasthan & Karnataka A. rose 2.54 and Haryana 2.59. Means adoption lack of technologies as well as use of un balance chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides. These findings are confirmation with the findings of Heremath and Nagraju (2010) [3] , Heremath and Hilli, (2012) [3] . It was concluded that gap of yield between state and differences from potential can be make up by more emphasis on disseminate to awareness regarding technologies and improved cultivation practices to states where more gap of yield was observed with avoid to unnecessary expenses incurred by farmers. Planning of crop demonstrations as well as trainings is an effective extension mean to disseminate the proven technology at farmers level and to bridge the yield gap that increase the crop yield, monetary returns and livelihood status of the farming community. These finding are also benefited to planners for making the plans at a planning time.

Conclusion

References

1. * @ Rs 2000/-per quintal sorted/graded onion bulb & Rs 900/-per quintal Un sorted/graded onion bulb market rate. References
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