Impact of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as a main food source for more than half of the world's population, especially in Asia and Africa. More than 100 countries cultivate this crop, in which Asia contributes the majority in area and production. In tropics as well as parts of temperate regions of the world, rice is one of the most significant cereal crops. The United Nations designated 2004 as the International Year of Rice' with the theme "Rice is life" to highlight the significance of the rice crop as a source of food, for trade, and the tight ties between rice-based systems and many cultures and people worldwide, especially in developing countries. After maize and sugarcane, rice is the agricultural product with the third-highest global production. For small-scale farmers in particular, rice is crucial as an income-producing crop because it offers a source of revenue. Rice is an essential crop for food security, eradicating poverty, and promoting rural development since it is an abundant supplier of carbohydrates, proteins, and other vital nutrients. Rice includes 87% carbohydrates, 7-8% proteins, and very little fat (Selvakumar et al., 2014) [26] . One-fifth of all calories consumed by humans worldwide, or 80% of calories consumed in Asia, come from rice. In comparison to other food crops, only rice is cooked and eaten as a whole grain, hence quality considerations are of the utmost importance (Hossain et al., 2009) [12] . Poor people in some parts of Asia depend largely on rice. De Candolle (1886) [10] recognized south India as the origin of rice. Vavilov stated that the origin of rice cultivation should be attributed to India and Myanmar. The crop is grown in various agro-ecological zones, from irrigated highlands to rainfed lowlands. There are a total of 24 species in the genus Oryza, of which 22 are wild and two, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima, are cultivated (D. Chatterjee (1948) [8] . All rice-growing regions cultivate Oryza sativa, but only West Africa grows Oryza glaberrima. As a result, it suggests that West Africa and South-eastern Asia (India, Myanmar, and Thailand) may have served as the 1 origins of modern cultivated rice. These days, Oryza sativa indica and Oryza sativa japonica are the two most popular rice species cultivated all over the world. The rice plant is a selfpollinating annual crop and a member of the Poaceae (ancient Gramineae) family. A cluster of spikelets in rice inflorescence is referred to as a panicle.

India is the world's second-largest producer and consumer of rice after China. Over the past few decades, as a result of the use of modern technology including irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and improved varieties there has been a tremendous increase in rice production. In the year 2021 around the world, it was grown over an area of 165.25 million hectares, with a total production of 787.29 million tons and yield of 4.76 tons per hectare (FAOSTAT, 2021) [11] . The Indian economy places rice in a special position. In India, rice is raised on an area of 46.38 million ha with an annual yield of 130.29 million tons and a productivity of 2.809 tons/ha (Anonymous, 2023a) [2] . However, productivity is poor because India has the largest rainfed lowland rice area (45%) in the world (Pradhan et al., 2022) [23] . Imbalanced nutrient management under intensive cropping system and decreased soil organic matter are the key factors responsible for decline in soil quality parameters (Kang et al., 2006) [15] such as deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological health of soils, and declined factor productivity, due to much higher annual removal of nutrients by crops and cropping systems than the amount added through fertilizers and resulted negative nutrient balance. In the recent past, Indian farmers showed a tendency to apply more nitrogenous fertilizers to maximize rice yield. Fertilizer N and bio-sources are the major sources of nitrogen supply for crops. Inorganic fertilizer is not a complete substitute for organic matter and vice-versa and their role is complementary to each other. Either organic manures or chemical fertilizers alone can achieve the sustainability of the production system under intensive farming. The increasing cost of chemical input, pollution, soil health and sustainability of the production system had generated interest in the integrated nutrient management. The integrated nutrient supply system is the most logical concept for managing long term soil fertility and productivity (Ramesh et al., 2009) [24] . Use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures has been found promising in arresting the decline trend in soil-health and productivity through the correction of marginal deficiencies of some secondary and micro-nutrients, micro-flora and fauna and their beneficial impact on physical and biological properties of soil. Integrated nutrient management systems can bring about equilibrium between degenerative and restorative activities in the soil ecosystem (Upadhyay et al., 2011) [33] . Organic manures regulate supply of N by releasing it slowly resulting in increased yield of rice and nutrient use efficiency (Sharma 2002) [28] . Crop residues have potential for improving the soil and water conservation, sustaining soil productivity and enhancing crop yields (Das et al., 2003) [9] . Integrated use of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, green manures and crop residue are the only alternatives which may help in improving soil health and sustained productivity. Use of organic manures, green manures, crop residues along with inorganic fertilizers not only reduces the demand of inorganic fertilizers but also increases the efficiency of applied nutrients due to their favorable effect on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Pandey et al., 2007) [21] , as organic manure provide a good substrate for the growth of microorganism and maintain a favorable nutrient supply to crop and achieve sustainable crop production. However, due to the above point the main purpose of this research is to study the effect of INM on growth and yield parameters of rice.

Materials and Methods

The investigation entitled "Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)" was conducted in Kharif, 2025 at Student Research farm, Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture Science Tech and Research, Sardar Patel University, Dongariya, Balaghat. The present chapter deals with a brief description of materials used and methods employed during the course of investigation. Details of experiment:-Crop: Rice, Variety: Kranti, Planting Materials: Seed, Experimental Design: Randomized Block Design, Number of replications: 3, Number of treatments: 9 Treatments detail:-T 1: Control, T 2: 100% RDF, T 3: 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha, T 4 :50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha, T 5: 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha, T 6 :50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 4 t/ha, T 7: 50% RDF + Azotobacter culture @ 15 g/kg seed, T 8: 50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter culture @ 15 g/kg seed, T 9: 50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha + Azotobacter culture @ 15 g/kg. Observations recorded:-Days to 50 percent flowering:-The number of days taken from the date of sowing to the 50 percent flowering was measured as days to 50 percent flowering., Days to maturity:-The number of days from sowing to physiological maturity of plants in each plot of genotype taken as days to maturity. Turning 80% spikelets from green to golden yellow in the panicle is an indication of physiological maturity. Plant height (cm):-Plant height was measured at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest from base of the plant to the tip of the panicle excluding awn if present and expressed in centimeter., Numbers of tillers per plant:-The total number of tillers per plant which produced healthy panicles was counted on each selected plant at the time of maturity. Panicle length (cm):-It was measured in centimeters at the time of maturity from the base of the panicle to the tip of the last spikelet. Number of filled spikelets per panicle:-Total numbers of filled grains in the panicle were recorded from all the selected panicles. Test weight (g);-1000 dried and well filled grains were weighed from a random sample of each genotype in each replication and noted in grams using an electronic balance. Grain yield (q/ha):-Mature panicles from each randomly selected plant were harvested, threshed, cleaned and dried separately. Total seed yield of each randomly selected plant was recorded in grams and grain yield ha -1 calculated.

Results & Discussion

Days to 50% flowering: Data pertaining to days to 50% flowering of rice as impact by integrated nutrient treatments are presented in Table. Days to fifty percent flowering is one of the important characters which suggest whether the genotype is early or late and significant variation was observed for this trait. The number of days to 50% flowering were recorded in a range of 89 days in T 1: Control to 92 days in T 9: 50% RDF + VC @ 2 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg with a general mean of 90 days. Same kind of results were obtained by Shanthi and Rao (2017) [27] , Singh et al., (2017) [30] and Singh et al., (2018) [29] which support the present findings.

Days to maturity: Days to maturity is important trait as early maturity or late maturity is desirable for scheduling cropping patterns. A significant variation was observed for trait days to maturity as impact by integrated nutrient treatments and given in Table . The number of days to maturity were measured from 118 days (T 1: Control) to 122 days (T 9: 50% RDF + VC @ 2 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg) with the average mean of 120 days. These results are inconformity with Singh et al., (2017) [30] and Singh et al., (2018) [29] .

Plant height recorded at 30 DAS, 60DAS, 90DAS and at harvest of rice as impactd by various treatments are presented in Table . Plant height varied significantly due to various treatments at all stages of growth of rice. The maximum plant height was recorded in T 9: (50% RDF + VC @ 2 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg) 45.33 cm, 75.33 cm, 96 cm and 104.67 cm at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively. While minimum plant height was recorded in T 1: Control 42 cm, 72.67 cm, 93.33 cm and 101 cm at 30, 60, 90DASand at harvest respectively. The data on plant height showed that sole inorganic nutrient (100% RDF) and when integrated with organic fertilizers (FYM and Vermicompost) and bio-fertilizer at 50% and 75% of RDF significantly increased plant height of rice as compared to control. The results were in conformity with those reported Baishya et al., (2015) [4] , Mondal et al., (2015) [20] , Sahu et al., (2015) [25] , Kandeshwari et al., (2016) [14] , Marzia et al., (2016) [18] , Shanthi and Rao (2017) [27] , Imade et al., (2017) [13] , Kumar et al., (2017) [17] , Singh et al., (2017) [30] , Singh et al., (2018) [29] , Balasu bramanian (2019) [5] , Ajay Kumar and Siva kumar (2020) [3] , Chakraborty et al., (2020) [7] , Dongre et al., (2022) [36] , Mangaraj et al., (2022) [35] and Kumar et al., (2023) [34] . But Tomar et al., (2018) [32] reported non-significant at 30 DAS and significant at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest.

Number of productive tillers plant -1 :

Number of productive tillers plant -1 is an important character which is closely associated with grain yield and showed significant variation among studied different in tegrated nutrient treatment and given in Table . The number of productive tillers plant -1 varied from 7.00 (T 1: Control) to 9.67 (T 9: 50% RDF + VC @ 2 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg) with a general mean of 8.22. The results obtained forth is character are inconformity with Baishya et al., (2015) [4] , Sahu et al., (2015) [25] , Kandeshwari et al., (2016) [14] , Marzia et al., (2016) [18] , Shanthi and Rao (2017) [27] , Imade et al., (2017) [13] , Singh et al., (2017) [30] , Kumar et al., (2019) [16] , Ajaykumar and Sivakumar (2020) [3] , Chakraborty et al., (2020) [7] and Dongre et al., (2022) [36] .

Panicle length is an important yieldrelated trait, strongly affects yield components, such as grain number, grain density and rice quality. A significant variation was observed for panicle length among various nutrient treatments studied and recorded in Table . The general mean of panicle length was recorded 18.57 cm with the lowest panicle length observed was17.00 cm in T 1: Control and highest panicle length observed was 20.00 cm in T 9: 50% RDF + VC @ 2 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg. Same results were observed by Baishya et al., (2015) [4] , Mondal et al., (2015) [20] , Sahu et al., (2015) [25] , Marzia et al., (2016) [18] , Imade et al., (2017) [13] , Kumar et al., (2017) [17] , Tiwari et al., (2017) [31] , Aasif et al., (2018) [1] , Singh et al., (2018) [29] , Ashem and Roy (2022) [37] , Dongre et al., (2022) [36] and Kumar et al., (2023) [34] .

Number of filled grain spanicle-1:

The number of filled grains panicle-1 is yield related component and strongly affect the yield potential. It exhibited significant variation within studied various integrated nutrient treatments and given in Table . Number of filled grains panicle-1 varied from 151 (T 1 ; Control) to 167. 67 (T 8 ) with a general mean of 159.81. The treatment with the few estfilled grains per panicle was T 1 (151) followed by T 7 (153.33), T 6 (155.67) While, the treatments the Treatments T 8 (167.67), T 9 (167.33) and T 2 (167), recorded the highest number of filled grains per panicle. Mondal et al., (2015) [20] , Sahu et al., (2015) [25] , Marzia et al., (2016) [18] , Shanthi and Rao (2017) [27] , Imade et al., (2017) [13] , Tiwari et al., (2017) [31] , Aasif et al., (2018) [1] , Singh et al., (2018) [29] , Ganguly et al., (2019), Ashemand Roy (2022) [37] , Dongre et al., (2022) [36] , Mangaraj et al., (2022) [35] and Kumar et al., (2023) [34] also recorded similar results for number of filled grains panicle-1and support the current results. But non-significant variation between various treatments for this character was recorded by Chakraborty et al., (2020) [7] .

The data on test weight (g) of rice is presented in Table 1. The significant difference for test weight due to different nutrient treatments was reported. Among nutrient treatments, maximum test weight was recorded in T 9: 50% RDF + VC @ 2 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg (25.33 g), which was at par with T 8 :50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + AC @ 15 g/kg (24.67 g) and T 2 :100% RDF (24.47 g), whereas minimum test weight was reported by T 1 (22.57 g) and T 7 (22.97 g). All the integrated nutrient treatments when applied as sole inorganic nutrient (100% RDF) and with organic fertilizers (FYM and Vermi compost) and biofertilizer (Azoto bacter) proved significantly superior to T 1: Controlinres pectto test weight. Similar results for test weight are reported by I made et al., (2017) [13] , Kumar et al., (2017) [17] , Singh et al., (2018) [29] , Kumar et al., (2019) [16] , Chakraborty et al., (2020) [7] and Kumar et al., (2023) [34] . Non-significant variation between various treatments for test weight was recorded by Mondal et al., (2015) [20] , Sahu et al., (2015) [25] , Marzia et al., (2016) [18] , Shanthi and Rao (2017) [27] , Tiwari et al., (2017) [31] , Ashem and Roy (2022) [37] and Dongre et al., (2022) [36] .

The grain yield per plant (g) impactd by integrated nutrients practices are presented in Table 2. The grain yield per plant (g) differed significantly among all the treatments under investigation. The range of average grain yield per plant was from 12.93 g (T 1 ) to 24.97 g (T 9 ), with a general mean 21.16 g. The treatments T 9 (24.97 g), T 8 (24.83 g) and T 2 (23.93 g) recorded highest grain yield per plant. Hence these treatments can be included for getting higher yield. Same results for grain yield per plant recorded by Mondal et al., (2015) [20] , Sahu et al., (2015) [25] , Kandeshwari et al., (2016) [14] , Marzia et al., (2016) [18] , Shanthiand Rao (2017) [27] , Imade et al., (2017) [13] , Kumar et al., (2017) [17] , Mishra et al., (2017) [30] , Tiwari et al., (2017) [31] , Aasif et al., (2018) [1] , Patra et al., (2017) [22] , Singh et al., (2018) [29] , Tomar et al., (2018) [32] , Balasubramanian (2019) [5] , Kumar et al., (2019) [16] , Bordoloi and Islam (2020) [6] , Chakraborty et al., (2020) [7] .

Conclusion

The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of results obtained from the present investigation. Application of organic fertilizer (farm yard manure, vermi-compost) and bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter) in integration with in organic fertilizers has resulted in improvement in growth, yield and quality of crops. Integration of inorganic nutrient with vermicompost and Azotobacter was found superior to all other treatments. The maximum grain yield was observed when in organic fertilizer in tegrated with vermicompost and Azotobacter which was at par with when inorganic fertilizer integrated with FYM and Azotobacter and when nutrient appliedas sole inorganic fertilizer. The maximum net monetary return was recorded when nutrient applied as inorganic fertilizer integrated with FYM and Azotobacter which was at par with when nutrient applied as sole inorganic fertilizer. In term of monetary parameter, highest benefit cost ratio observed when nutrient applied as sole inorganic fertilizer.

References

1. Aasif M, Chinnamani I, Kumar NS, Hemalatha M, Suresh S. Impact of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and nutrient uptake of rice under system of rice intensification. Int J Adv Agric Sci Technol. 2018;5(7):10-16.
2. Anonymous. Agricultural statistics at a glance 2022. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
3. Kumar RA, Sivakumar SD. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, physiological, nutrient uptake, root and yield parameters of transplanted lowland rice. Curr J Appl Sci Technol. 2020;39(40):35-43.
4. Baishya LK, Rathore SS, Singh D, Sarkar D, Deka BC. Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice productivity, profitability and soil fertility. Ann Plant Soil Res. 2015;17(1):86-90.
5. Balasubramanian A. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(4):1047-1049.
6. Bordoloi P, Islam M. Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil fertility status under rainfed condition of Meghalaya. J Krishi Vigyan. 2020;9:176-179.
7. Chakraborty S, Rahman A, Salam MA. Effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of boro rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Arch Agric Environ Sci. 2020;5(4):476-481.
8. Chatterjee D. A modified key and enumeration of the species of Oryza L. Indian J Agric Sci. 1948;18(3):185192.
9. Das K, Medhi DN, Guha B. Application of crop residues in combination with chemical fertilizers for sustainable productivity in rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system. Indian J Agron. 2003;48:811.
10. De Candolle A. Origin of cultivated plants. 2nd ed. London: Hafner Publishing Company; 1886.
11. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations statistical database. Available from: faostat.fao.org; 2021.
12. Hossain MS, Singh AK, Fasih Z. Cooking and eating characteristics of some newly identified inter subspecific (indica/japonica) rice hybrid. Sci Asia. 2009;35:320-325.
13. Imade SR, Thanki JD, Phajage SK, Nandapure SP. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of rice. Environ Pharmacol Life Sci. 2017;6(Special issue 3).
14. Kandeshwari M, Thavaprakaash N. Impact of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and nutrient uptake in rice under system of rice intensification. Int J Agric Sci Res. 2016;6(2):123-130.
15. Kang HJ, Hwang IK, Kim KS, Choi HC. Comparison of the physicochemical properties and ultrastructure of japonica and indica rice grains. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(13):4833-4838.
16. Kumar B, Tripathi S, Sharma A. Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil health and yield of crops under rice-wheat cropping system in alluvial soil of Bihar, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(5S):441-445.
17. Kumar V, Kumar T, Singh G, Singh RA. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield of rice and its residual effect on wheat in rice-wheat system under lowland. Ann Plant Soil Res. 2017;19(4):360-365.
18. Marzia R, Sarkar MAR, Paul SK. Effect of row arrangement and integrated nutrient management on the yield of aromatic fine rice (cv. BRRI dhan34). Int J Plant Soil Sci. 2016;13(5):1-8.
19. Mishra KN, Patra AK, Garnayak IM, Mohanty AK, Swain SK. Long-term effects of integrated nutrient management on productivity and soil properties of rice cropping system in coastal Odisha. Indian J Agron. 2001;62(3):239-246.
20. Mondal S, Mallikarjun M, Ghosh M, Ghosh DC, Timsina J. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and productivity of hybrid rice. J Agric Sci Technol. 2015:297-308.
21. Pandey AK, Gopinath KA, Bhattacharya R, Hooda KS, Sushil SN, Kundu S, et al. Effect of source and rate of organic manures on yield attributes, pod yield and economics of garden pea grown under organic farming system. Indian J Agric Sci. 2006;76(4):230-234.
22. Patra A, Sharma VK, Purakayastha T, Barman M. Effect of integrated nutrient management in rice on nitrogen availability, L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activity in acidic soil. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2017;6(9):3777-3783.
23. Pradhan KC, Barik SR, Mohapatra S, Nayak DK, Pandit E, Jena BK, et al. Incorporation of two bacterial blight resistance genes into the popular rice variety Ranidhan through marker-assisted breeding. Agriculture. 2022;12(9):1287.
24. Ramesh P, Panwar NR, Singh AB, Ramanna S. Production potential, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and economics of soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping systems under organic, chemical and integrated nutrient management practices. Indian J Agron. 2009;54(3):278283.
25. Sahu YK, Chaubey AK, Mishra VN, Rajput AS, Bajpai SK. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Inceptisol. Plant Arch. 2015;15(2):983-988.
26. Selvakumar G, Agasimani S, Bapu JK, Ram SG. Association studies of biochemical parameters on resistant starch in rice. J Ecobiol. 2014;33(2):125-131.
27. Shanthi K, Rao PC. Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil fertility after kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J New Media Stud. 2017;4(2).
28. Sharma SN. Nitrogen management in relation to wheat (Triticum aestivum) residue management in rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J Agric Sci. 2002;72:449-452.
29. Singh NP, Singh MKS, Tyagi S, Singh SS. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2018;7:3671-3681.
30. Singh S, Bohra JS, Singh YV, Upadhyay AK, Verma SS, Mishra PK, et al. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and development stages of rice under rice-wheat ecosystem. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2017;6(7):2032-2042.
31. Tiwari A, Singh N, Kumar A. Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on soil properties, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). 2017.
32. Tomar R, Singh NB, Singh V, Kumar D. Effect of planting methods and integrated nutrient management on growth parameters, yield and economics of rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(2):520-527.
33. Upadhyay VB, Jain V, Vishwakarma SK, Kumhar AK. Production potential, soil health, water productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems under different nutrient sources. Indian J Agron. 2011;56(4):311-316.
34. Kumar N, Tiwari BK, Tiwari RK, Gajbhiye M. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield attributes, productivity and profitability of direct seeded rice under rainfed conditions. Int J Environ Clim Change. 2023;13(4):80-88.
35. Mangaraj S, Paikaray RK, Maitra S, Pradhan SR, Garnayak LM, Satapathy M, Swain B, et al. Integrated nutrient management improves the growth and yield of rice and greengram in a rice-greengram cropping system under coastal plain agro-climatic condition. Plants. 2022;11:142.
36. Dongre A, Kumar N, Thakur AK, Salam PK, Chandrakar T, Singh DP. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under midland situations. Pharma Innov J. 2022;11(8):1370-1373.
37. Ashem SS, Roy AKS. Impact of integrated nutrient management in summer rice (Oryza sativa L.) under terai zone of West Bengal. Biol Forum Int J. 2022;14(4):357-362.