Pentoxifylline in the era of one health: Versatility in veterinary therapeutics: A review

Abstract

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a synthetic dimethylxanthine derivative that modulates blood rheological properties and has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is water-soluble and was first used in human medicine for claudication since 1972. Pentoxifylline’s documented mechanism of action includes phosphodiesterase inhibition, adenosine receptor antagonist, red blood cell flexibility, and immunomodulatory effects. It also reduces the viscosity of blood by decreasing erythrocyte aggregation and stimulating fibrinolysis to reduce plasma fibrinogen concentrations. PTX has been shown to inhibit the production of various cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, 6 and 8, which contribute to antiinflammatory and potentially anti-fibrotic effects. PTX has been used in multi-organ dysfunction such as in companion animal medicine for various conditions like canine cutaneous vasculitis, canine familial dermatomyositis, allergic dermatitis, chronic kidney disease, and hepatitis. It has been proven effective as an adjunctive therapy for respiratory, endotoxemia and pain associated diseases in ruminants, horses and poultry due to its vasodilatory effects. It has also been regarded for its antiviral efficacy, potential to improve reproductive performance in seasonal breeders like sheep and increasing fertility rates and hatchability in poultry and also its radioprotective effect are of prospective areas which needs further research.