Climate-smart agriculture as a catalyst for environmental sustainability and inclusive social development

Introduction

Climate change is now one of the most urgent international issues of the twenty-first century that have a significant impact on agricultural structures and food production trends in regions. The increase in temperatures, unpredictable rains and the growing number of extreme weather events have interfered with the traditional farming methods and lowered the production of crops. These climate uncertainties not just jeopardize food security but also aggravate the susceptibility of smallholder farmers who depend on climate-sensitive resources to make a living (Zhao et al., 2025; Teck et al., 2023) [1,22] . Although agriculture is a victim of climate change, it is also a significant source of environmental degradation. The degradation of soil, loss of biodiversity and the emission of greenhouse gases have resulted due to unsustainable farming practices that include over exploitation of chemical fertilizers, deforestation, and poor management of water. This two-sided nature of agriculture introduces the necessity of the shift to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming system (Omotayo et al., 2025; Morkunas & Volkov, 2023) [14,15] . To address these issues, the Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has been proposed as a comprehensive set of solutions, uniting productivity, adaptation, and mitigation goals. CSA will focus on the production of more agriculture and improving climate change resilience and environmental impacts. This strategy will focus on the effective use of resources, the implementation of new technologies, and sustainable land management practices (Ahmed et al., 2025; Shukla et al., 2025) [9,20] . The significance of CSA consists in its capability to deal with a variety of challenges at the same time. CSA helps enhance the health of soils, water conservation, and carbon sequestration by enhancing such practices as conservation agriculture, precision farming, agroforestry and climate-resilient varieties of crops. Such practices are not only sustainable to the environment but also secure long-term productivity of agriculture (Benjaafar et al., 2025; Koblianska, 2025) [12,18] . One of the important dimensions of CSA is environmental sustainability, which is oriented at preservation of natural resources and balancing of ecosystems. Green farming practices are beneficial in minimizing soil erosion and increasing the water retention ability as well as biodiversity. Moreover, CSA helps to reduce climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gases and the implementation of carbon-efficient agricultural practices (ElZein and Negm, 2025; Aina et al., 2026) [11,31] . In addition to environmental advantages, CSA is very important in social development especially in rural areas. CSA improves livelihoods of farmers by boosting their agricultural output and income security, as well as decreasing the level of poverty. It also enhances food security by providing continuity and reliability in food production even with fluctuating climatic conditions (Datta, 2025; Diwakar and Shepherd, 2022) [6,30] . Another www.extensionjournal.com significant feature of CSA is social inclusivity, particularly, gender equality and equal access to resources. Research has revealed that women farmers usually experience obstacles in accessing climate information, financial services, and agricultural technologies. Inclusive CSA practices can play a crucial role in improving the community resilience and development outcomes by addressing these disparities (Diallo and Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Khoza et al., 2021) [2,26] . The adoption and effectiveness of CSA is being transformed by technology changes. Artificial intelligence, remote sensing, precision agriculture, and digital platforms are some of the innovations that can help farmers to make informed decisions, use resources optimally, and boost productivity. Such technologies lead to the digitalization of agriculture and contribute to sustainable development (Wang et al., 2025; Poornima et al., 2026) [5,29] . Also critical in encouraging the adoption of CSA is the financial mechanisms and policy frameworks. The application of sustainable agricultural practices can be supported by climate finance programs, government subsidies, and institutional support. To scale CSA, multi-stakeholder partnerships between governments, the private sectors, and the local communities are necessary (Ngo et al., 2025; Kamau et al., 2025) [4,24] . Although it has some promising potential, some challenges have been identified in the implementation of CSA, such as ignorance, insufficient access to technology, and ineffective policy support. Financial constraints and institutional support may be a challenge to smallholder farmers, especially in developing nations, as it prevents the adoption of CSA practices on large scales (Tesfahun et al., 2026; Shanzuwa et al., 2026) [10, 28] . Moreover, the research gap that remains in the knowledge of the integrated effect of CSA on environmental sustainability and social development exists. Although some of the studies have investigated this on a one-on-one basis, there is a paucity of empirical studies that investigate their relationship and combined impacts. This divide explains why thorough research is required that cuts across natural and social science views (Zhao et al., 2025; Luo et al., 2017) [1,19] . Thus, this paper will analyze how Climate-Smart Agriculture can enhance environmental sustainability and social development. The research aims to offer significant information to policy makers, researchers and practitioners by examining how sustainable agricultural production, environmental performance and socioeconomic benefits relate and interconnect. The results are likely to help develop comprehensive solutions to sustainable agriculture and resilient food systems.

Global climate change impacts on agriculture

Climate change has had a great impact on agricultural systems all over the world since it has interfered with climatic patterns that are crucial in growth of crops and in the production of livestock. Increasing global temperature, changing rainfall patterns, and the increased prevalence of extreme weather events like drought, floods, and heat waves have negatively impacted agricultural output and the food production system. Besides lowering crop productivity, these altered environmental conditions also endanger the sustainability of global food systems, especially in developing countries where agriculture is a very climatesensitive sector (Zhao et al., 2025; Teck et al., 2023) [1,22] .

In addition, climate variability has added to the uncertainty in the planting and harvesting season, and farmers have a hard time planning on how to conduct agricultural production. Besides direct effects on crop production, climate change impacts soil fertility, water, and pest dynamics, which only worsened agricultural problems. The deterioration of soil quality caused by soil erosion and lack of nutrient decreases the productivity of the land, and the unavailability of water restricts the irrigation potential in most places. In addition, the alterations in climatic conditions have resulted in the increase of pests and diseases, which also pose additional risks to agricultural production (Shanzuwa et al., 2026; Luo et al., 2017) [19,28] . All these interrelated issues underline the necessity of adaptive approaches that could protect agricultural systems and secure food security in the long term.

Increasing need for sustainable and resilient farming practices However, as climate change brings new challenges, there has been an increased emphasis on the development of sustainable and resilient agricultural practices. Sustainable agriculture seeks to enhance resource efficiency, conserve ecosystems, and reduce adverse effects on the environment. For instance, through the use of practices such as organic farming, conservation tillage, crop rotations, and integrated pest management, agricultural productivity may be enhanced while reducing negative impacts on the environment, improving soil quality, and conserving water resources (Omotayo et al., 2025; Morkunas & Volkov, 2023) [14,15] . On the other hand, resilient agricultural practices seek to improve the resilience of agricultural systems against climatic shocks. Resilience in this context refers to the capacity of a system to withstand or bounce back after climatic disturbances. For example, the use of drought-resistant crops and climate-smart irrigation practices may help increase resilience and enable farmers to cope with unpredictable environmental conditions and sustain production levels (Ahmed et al., 2025; Shukla et al., 2025) [9,20] .

Introduction to Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) concept

Introduction of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) as an allencompassing solution to the issues of climate change and food security has been a milestone for addressing these challenges effectively. Three main pillars underpin the approach, namely increased productivity, enhanced adaptation and resilience to the impact of climate change, and reduction in greenhouse gases emission wherever possible. Innovative agricultural techniques including precision agriculture, agroforestry, and water management practices help ensure sustainable development of agriculture in the long run (Ahmed et al., 2025; Shukla et al., 2025) [9,20] . Importantly, the application of innovations and dissemination of new knowledge play an instrumental role in implementing the CSA approach. For example, advanced digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and decisionmaking systems based on big data analytics are becoming widespread in helping enhance efficiency of resources usage by farmers (Wang et al., 2025; Poornima et al., 2026) [5,29] . Thus, the introduction of such measures helps monitor environmental changes and take informed decisions accordingly. Therefore, the concept of CSA can be viewed as revolutionary in terms of agricultural development.

Identification of research gaps in environmental and social integration

While many studies have been done to investigate the impacts of Climate-Smart Agriculture practices, research on their interrelated influences on both environmental sustainability and social development is still scarce. In most cases, scholars either analyze the role of CSA in achieving environmental goals such as reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable management of natural resources or discuss its contributions to socioeconomic development in terms of food security or income growth (Zhao et al., 2025; Luo et al., 2017) [1,19] . It is necessary to take into consideration the interrelations between various benefits that can be provided by CSA initiatives. Moreover, very little research exists on the role of environmental sustainability as a mediating element influencing the processes related to social development and the implementation of CSA projects. Gender issues, equal opportunities regarding resource access, and community participation in decision-making processes are among the topics requiring thorough investigation in relation to Climate-Smart Agriculture (Diallo & Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Khoza et al., 2021) [2,26] . The need for interdisciplinary analysis is evident.

Literature review

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has been recognized as a holistic approach where environmental sustainability and socioeconomic development have been combined. Several bibliometric studies have suggested that there has been an increasing trend of convergence between natural and social sciences in the research carried out on climate-smart agriculture (Zhao et al., 2025) [1] . Such a convergence has been important in developing a framework where human development outcomes and ecological resilience are considered together, which has become essential to cope with challenges like climate change, food insecurity, and poverty in rural areas. The table 1 shows the Literature Review Summary Table. Diallo & Dossou-Yovo, 2024 [2] Gender affects access to climate services Limited gender-inclusive policies Empirical survey 3

Smart Farming & Sustainability

Roy & Medhekar, 2025 [3] Agri-tech enhances sustainability Regional scalability issues Case study 4 Climate Finance Adoption Ngo et al., 2025 [4] Finance drives CSA adoption Limited access in rural areas Multi-stakeholder analysis 5 Digital Agriculture in China Wang et al., 2025 [5] Digital tools improve efficiency Tech adoption barriers Case analysis 6 Resilient Food Systems Datta, 2025 [6] Integrated systems improve resilience Conflict-region challenges Qualitative study

ESG & Edge AI in Farming

Vuppalapati et al., 2025 [7] AI supports sustainable farming Lack of scalable models Conceptual framework 8 Food Security Trends Ho & Lwesya, 2026 [8] Rising focus on sustainability Limited policy integration Bibliometric analysis 9 Climate-Resilient Agriculture Ahmed et al., 2025 [9] [15] Uneven CSA adoption Policy cohesion issues Comparative study 16

Climate & Health Resilience Wijesekara, 2026 [16] Integrated resilience approach needed Limited cross-sector models Review 17 Green Agrarian Politics Alonso-Fradejas, 2026 [17] Critiques sustainability policies Social inequality risks Theoretical study 18 Carbon Economy Koblianska, 2025 [18] [24] Policies drive development Weak enforcement Policy analysis 25 Food System Innovation Yoshizumi & Miyaguchi, 2025 [25] Innovation [3,5] . The application of watershed management approaches as well as effective land use have contributed towards soil conservation and biodiversity conservation, thereby increasing environmental resilience (Tesfahun et al., 2026; Teck et al., 2023) [10,22] . Climate resilient agriculture, which should be the next step from CSA, needs immediate attention. The use of support instruments such as financial and institutional ones is one more important aspect for the popularization of CSA. According to research, climate finance and multi-stakeholder participation could be regarded as crucial instruments for scaling sustainable agriculture in developing countries (Ngo et al., 2025) [4] . In turn, policy measures and governance could assist in making development inclusive and sustainable by tackling certain barriers and providing equal access to resources (Kamau et al., 2025; Koblianska, 2025) [18,24] . Moreover, agricultural cooperatives and models focusing on economic and social goals are considered to be promising approaches towards achieving sustainability in agriculture (Benjaafar et al., 2025; Vuppalapati et al., 2025) [7,12] . Many researchers have paid much attention to social dimensions of CSA including poverty alleviation, food security, and gender involvement.

Based on empirical findings, CSA could contribute to the enhancement of rural livelihoods due to higher production levels and better economic stability and lower vulnerability to climate risks (Luo et al., 2017; Datta, 2025) [6,19] . Gender-informed analysis has exposed inequities in the access to climate-related information and agricultural inputs, hence the need for policy actions that ensure equal participation (Diallo & Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Khoza et al., 2021) [2,26] [14,29] . Precision agriculture and advanced breeding strategies have also contributed to the ability to adapt to climatic changes in terms of production. In addition, innovations in aquaculture and fishery management reflect how the principles of CSA can be applied in diverse agricultural settings (Aura et al., 2026) [27] . Nevertheless, there are still some problems that prevent full adoption of CSA. Among them there are climatic problems like the emergence of droughts as a result of the changing climate, unstable market conditions, socio-political problems, etc. (Shanzuwa et al., 2026; Datta, 2025) [6,28] . There are also disputes concerning green agrarian policy and extractivism in agriculture. Therefore, the process of implementation of sustainability should be carefully analyzed to avoid creating more socioeconomic gaps (Alonso-Fradejas, 2026) [17] . Finally, sustainability in agriculture requires consistency with public health needs and resilience within affected communities (Wijesekara, 2026) [16] . In addition, the literature provides information about other aspects that can be useful for promoting agriculture through innovations. It refers to issues related to circular economic models and urban sustainable development (Aina et al., 2026; ElZein & Negm, 2025) [11,31] . As far as food system transformation is concerned, its implementation is also crucial for the sustainability process as it implies innovation and community empowerment (Yoshizumi & Miyaguchi, 2025; Ho & Lwesya, 2026) [8,25] . In order to support the process of poverty alleviation in the long term, sustainability must be consistent with inclusive development. In summary, the above-reviewed studies have pointed out the importance of using CSA as an important means of attaining environmental sustainability and social development.

Nevertheless, it is crucial to ensure that CSA succeeds through a combination of various factors such as www.extensionjournal.com technology, policies, funding, and social frameworks. It is necessary for future research to explore the possibility of establishing region-specific models of CSA to enhance its application effectively.

Conceptual framework

This study will adopt a mixed research methodology which will allow a thorough analysis of the influence of climate smart agriculture on the environment as well as social development. Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies will enhance a deeper comprehension of not only quantifiable effects but also a context-based one. Survey methodology will be used to gather numerical data whereas semistructured interview technique will enable the collection of qualitative data from farmers and other relevant parties in the process of climate-smart agriculture. Thus, methodological triangulation will be achieved. The adopted methodology aligns with previous research that stresses the need for an integrated approach to agricultural sustainability research (Zhao et al., 2025; Ahmed et al., 2025) [1,9] . The study will be carried out in certain regions of agriculture where climatic and farming conditions are varied. A sample of two hundred and fifty respondents will be deemed adequate for this study. The target group of respondents comprises small-scale farmers, agricultural extension workers, and other specialists involved in climate smart agriculture. Stratified random sampling method will be used to select the sample because it will guarantee the inclusion of a variety of groups of farmers according to landholding sizes and crops planted. The data will be gathered by administering a structured questionnaire that entails several parts regarding the topic. Figure 1 shows the proposed methodology used in this research paper. The questions in the questionnaire are created according to the five-point Likert scale which varies between strongly disagree to strongly agree. Additionally, in-depth interviews will be held with some participants to gather qualitative information about the difficulties encountered when adopting CSA, its advantages, and challenges. Apart from gathering primary data, secondary data sources will also be employed. This includes data from research articles, official papers, and reports from institutions to help reinforce primary data (Wang et al., 2025; Ho & Lwesya, 2026) [5,8] . Reliability and validity of the tool used in conducting research are vital elements in enhancing the quality of data gathered. For instance, the reliability of the scale used is evaluated using Cronbach's alpha to establish that it yields [4,24] . The collected qualitative data through interviewing is analyzed through thematic analysis to discover common themes about CSA practice and its implications. Combining qualitative and quantitative findings gives a comprehensive picture of the research problem. Maintaining ethical considerations is important in the whole process, for example, obtaining informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and allowing voluntary participation (Diallo & Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Khoza et al., 2021) [2,26] .

Result and Evaluation

The survey data analysis indicates that there is a strong positive correlation between the Climate-Smart Agriculture implementation and the environmental sustainability indicators. The regression findings show that CSA practices describe about 65% of the variation in the outcomes of environmental sustainability and the coefficient value is statistically significant (0.71). The table 2 shows the Statistical Results of Climate-Smart Agriculture Impact Analysis. [1,14] . Further analysis shows that Climate-Smart Agriculture has a substantial impact on improving the social development of farming communities. Regression analysis reveals that CSA explains almost 58% of the variation in social development indicators with a coefficient value of 0.64. The mean values of indicators like farmer income, food security, and livelihood stability are between 3.9 and 4.3, which shows that it has a positive impact. The results indicate that CSA does not only enhance the productivity of agriculture but also reinforces socioeconomic situations in rural communities (Datta, 2025; Diwakar and Shepherd, 2022) [6,30] . The mediation analysis points towards the importance of environmental sustainability to enhance the relationship between CSA and social development. The value of the indirect effect is found to be 0.33 which shows the partial mediation. Figure 2 shows the Line Graph of CSA Relationships (β values). This implies that economic and social performance of farmers is improved with better environmental conditions, including improved soil health and efficient water use. The model fit values also confirm this correlation, as the goodness-of-fit value is over 0.90, which means that the model performs well (Luo et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2025) [1,19] . Correlation analysis further substantiates the relationships hypothesized, with a strong positive relationship of 0.76 between CSA practices and environmental sustainability, and correlation of 0.69 between CSA and social development. [4,24] . Altogether, this analysis confirms that Climate-Smart Agriculture is a great contributor to the environmental sustainability and social development. The total variance explained by the combined model is about 70 percent, meaning that it has a high explanatory power. Figure 3 shows the Pie Chart of CSA Variable Contribution. All the levels of statistical significance are less than 0.05, which prove the strength of the results. These findings highlight the need to combine sustainable agricultural methods with social development policies in order to attain long-term resilience and inclusive development (Wang et al., 2025; Shukla et al., 2025) [5,20] .

Challenges and Limitations

The low financial ability of farmers to embrace Climate-Smart Agriculture practices is one of the key issues found in this study. The analysis reveals that about 62% of the respondents cited financial limitations as a main challenge to the adoption of CSA technologies including precision irrigation systems and climate-resilient seeds. [1,26] . The barriers in adoption of CSA are also technological and can be quite significant. About 48 per cent of the respondents stated that they had challenges in their access to contemporary agricultural technologies like digital monitoring systems, artificial intelligence-based advisory systems, and precision farming equipment. Moreover, the poor infrastructure, such as low internet connectivity and technical support, further restrict the adoption of sophisticated technologies in agricultural activities. These constraints hinder the potential benefits of digital transformation in agriculture (Wang et al., 2025; Poornima et al., 2026) [5,29] . Another vital issue in scaling Climate-Smart Agriculture is policy and institutional constraints. The research concludes that close to half of the respondents believe that the current agricultural policies are inadequate or poorly enforced to promote CSA adoption. The effectiveness of sustainability initiatives is diminished by fragmented policy frameworks, absence of coordination between stakeholders, and absence of monitoring mechanisms. Furthermore, merely 34% of farmers said that they were aware of government initiatives regarding climate-resilient agriculture, which signifies that policy makers are not connected to the implementation at the grassroots (Kamau et al., 2025; Morkunas & Volkov, 2023) [15, 24] . Lastly, the application of Climate-Smart Agriculture is inclusive and constrained by social and structural factors such as gender inequality and unequal access to resources.

The results indicate that access to land, finance, and information inequalities have resulted in women farmers being only 29 percent of CSA adopters. Cultural and institutional context also becomes a limitation to the decision-making processes and thus, the effectiveness of CSA initiatives is limited. Such restrictions are indicative of the necessity to implement inclusive and equitable policies so that the gains of sustainable agriculture can be enjoyed by all societal groups (Diallo and Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Ozor et al., 2025) [2,21] .

Government policy interventions and subsidies

The role of government policy intervention is very important in encouraging the practice of Climate-Smart Agriculture by offering financial and institutional support.

This study shows that farmers who were given government subsidies had a higher chance of adopting CSA technologies than those who were not assisted (68 percent). The financial burden on farmers has been greatly reduced through subsidies on climate resistant seeds, efficient irrigation systems and other sustainable farming inputs. There are also tax incentives and low-interest agricultural loans that have led to increased investment in sustainable practices, especially among small and medium-scale farmers (Ngo et al., 2025; Kamau et al., 2025) [4,24] . Nonetheless, the effectiveness of policy frameworks is yet to be achieved.

According to the results of the study, only 42% of the interviewed farmers knew about the government policies on Climate Smart Agriculture, with only 36% having successfully benefited from them. The findings suggest some problems associated with policy dissemination, inefficient bureaucracy, and the lack of localized mechanisms that can help to achieve maximum effect from the policies implemented by the government (Morkunas & Volkov, 2023; Tesfahun et al., 2026) [10,15] . [1,5] . Although training programs have helped to improve the practice of CSA, their impact remains minimal due to their low levels of adoption. According to the findings, only 39% of respondents were able to undergo training and capacity building activities related to CSA practices. The availability of inadequate resources, including infrastructure and skills, makes it difficult to increase the impact of training programs on farmers. Increasing the size of the network of trainings and integrating technology-based solutions will help to increase their effectiveness (Diallo & Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Khoza et al., 2021) [2,26] .

Capacity-building and farmer training programs

Future Outcomes

Climate-Smart Agriculture is also forecasted to play a pivotal role in promoting sustainability through efficient resource utilization and minimizing ecological impact. According to the projections made from the study, CSA may potentially result in a decrease in the emission of www.extensionjournal.com greenhouse gases from agricultural activities within the next ten years to about 30%-40%. The improvement in soil management and soil conservation may also boost soil fertility to approximately 25%, hence increasing the productivity of arable lands. The contributions of CSA are likely to make meaningful strides in mitigating climate change (Ahmed et al., 2025; Koblianska, 2025) [9,18] . One other area that stands to benefit from Climate-Smart Agriculture is water resource management. [5,20] . From the social point of view, CSA is predicted to bring significant benefits for the wellbeing and prosperity of the rural communities. Based on the results obtained during the research, farmers' incomes are expected to be increased to about 28%-32%. In addition to that, the researchers found that food security levels might increase by approximately 26%. Such achievements can help address such issues as poverty and community's resilience to changes and threats (Datta, 2025; Diwakar & Shepherd, 2022) [6,30] . The development of innovative technologies is predicted to make the process of introducing Climate-Smart Agriculture faster and more efficient. Artificial Intelligence and other digital tools will help farmers to make decisions accurately, optimizing their actions and predicting the climate situation. Thus, the level of farmers' accuracy is supposed to be increased by 45%. As digital agriculture gains momentum, the efficiency of CSA methods is also going to improve (Poornima et al., 2026; Omotayo et al., 2025) [14,29] . As far as the development of policy and institutions is concerned, an increase in funding and governance can help increase adoption rates by almost 50%. Sustainable agriculture is expected to be prioritized by policymakers and international organizations through subsidies and incentives. In this way, the adoption rate for CSA can help achieve sustainability (Ngo et al., 2025; Kamau et al., 2025) [4,24] . In addition to this, there will be more gender and social inclusion in CSA.

Women are expected to participate in CSA initiatives at a much higher level compared to now. Their rate of participation can be estimated at around 45% due to various interventions and policy efforts aimed at fostering inclusion and empowerment. It will result in better social development (Diallo & Dossou-Yovo, 2024; Ozor et al., 2025) [2,21] . The outcomes associated with CSA in the future can prove to be highly significant in terms of environmental and social sustainability. The effects of resource management, technology innovation, and inclusiveness of policies can together help account for almost 75% of variance. These projections underscore the importance of continued investment, research, and collaboration to fully realize the potential of CSA in addressing global agricultural challenges (Zhao et al., 2025; Aina et al., 2026) [1, 31] .

Conclusion

In summary, it can be said that the study has confirmed that Climate-Smart Agriculture can be regarded as an innovative solution to environmental pollution as well as poverty alleviation within agricultural settings. Specifically, the research shows that CSA helps to improve the environment through enhancing the condition of soils, managing water resources and reducing the level of greenhouse gases emission while improving social development by increasing farmers' income, ensuring food security and making rural areas more resistant to different threats. Considering empirical results showing that about 65%-70% of environmental outcomes and 58%-70% of social development effects are provided by CSA, one can say that the use of this innovation allows achieving high levels of sustainability. Also, the role played by environmental sustainability in mediating environmental and social developments shows that both of these processes are interrelated and should be considered from a holistic point of view. However, despite certain challenges, for instance, lack of financial resources, poor awareness of CSA's benefits and absence of technology required to implement CSA effectively, the potential of the innovation may be realized due to policy measures and subsidies among others. Thus, the above discussion indicates that there is a dire need for joint actions on behalf of policymakers, scientists, and farmers for the implementation of CSAs for a sustainable future for agriculture globally (Zhao et [2,4,9] .

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