Integrated nutrient management improves yield and fruit quality of banana (Musa sp.) cv. sabri in northern Tripura, India: yield gap analysis, technology development and adoption

Introduction

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important fruit crops in tropical and subtropical regions and plays a key role in global food and nutritional security (Robinson and Galán-Saúco 2010; Dadzie and Orchard 1997) [35,9] . It is cultivated in more than 130 countries over approximately 5 million hectares with an annual production exceeding 120 million tonnes (FAOSTAT 2023; Aurore et al. 2009). India is the world's largest producer of banana, contributing nearly one-fourth of global production and occupying a prominent position in the horticultural economy of the country (NHB 2022; Singh et al. 2018) [25,45] . Banana cultivation also provides livelihood opportunities for millions of small and marginal farmers (Tripathi et al. 2012; Hazarika and Ansari 2010) [52,13] . Banana is a highly nutrient-exhaustive crop requiring large quantities of macro-and micronutrients for optimum growth, biomass production, and fruit development (Lahav and Turner 1983; Robinson and Galán-Saúco 2010) [35] . Continuous cultivation without adequate nutrient replenishment leads to nutrient depletion, soil degradation, and declining productivity (Bharadwaj and Omanwar 1994; Roy et al. 2006) [5,36] . In many banana-growing areas, excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers has resulted in reduced soil fertility, low nutrient use efficiency, and environmental concerns (Palm et al. 2001; Vanlauwe et al. 2010) Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), which involves the combined use of organic manures, chemical fertilizers, and biofertilizers, has been widely recommended as a sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility and crop productivity (Roy et al. 2006; Kuttimani et al. 2013) [36,20] . Organic inputs such as farmyard manure, compost, and vermicompost improve soil organic matter, structure, and microbial activity (Biswas et al. 2012; Chivenge et al. 2011) [6, 8] , while biofertilizers such as Azospirillum and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria enhance nutrient availability and nutrient use efficiency (Subba Rao 2001; Vessey 2003) [50, 57] . Several studies have reported that integrated nutrient management significantly improves banana growth, yield, and fruit quality compared with the sole use of chemical fertilizers (Patil and Shinde 2013; Pattar et al. 2018) [27,29] . The integration of organic and inorganic nutrient sources enhances bunch weight, fruit size, and quality parameters such as total soluble solids and pulp-to-peel ratio (Kuttimani et al. 2013; Chhuria 2016) [20,7] . Moreover, integrated nutrient management improves soil microbial activity and nutrient cycling, thereby promoting sustainable crop production systems (Varatharajan et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2025) [54,58] . In north-eastern India, particularly in Tripura, banana is an important horticultural crop cultivated under diverse agroclimatic conditions (Hazarika and Ansari 2010) [13] . The variety Sabri is particularly popular because of its high market demand and superior fruit quality. However, productivity in the region remains low due to several constraints such as:

• improper fertilization practices • lack of scientific nutrient management

• poor sucker treatment • disease incidence such as Fusarium wilt and Sigatoka leaf spot

To address these constraints, integrated nutrient management technologies were identified and refined through participatory approaches involving farmers and scientists. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate integrated nutrient management practices for banana cultivation in Northern Tripura along with yield gap analysis, technology development and impact assessment.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Location: Fertilizers were applied in three split doses at 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th month after planting.

Sucker Treatment

Healthy and uniform banana suckers were selected for planting. Prior to planting, the suckers were subjected to different treatments to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and to ensure better establishment in the field. The treatments included Neem formulation @ 5 ml per litre of water, Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) @ 2 g per litre of water, and cow dung slurry. These treatments were applied according to the treatment schedule of the experiment (Fig. 3). The selected suckers were dipped in the respective treatment solutions for about 2 minutes to allow proper coverage and protection against soil-borne pathogens and pests. After dipping, the treated suckers were kept under shade and allowed to dry for 24 hours before planting. This process helped the treatment materials adhere properly to the suckers and reduced the chances of rotting after planting.

Result and Discussion

Discussion

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth Parameters:

The results revealed that integrated nutrient management significantly influenced the vegetative growth of banana var. Sabri. Among the treatments, T7 (FYM 10 kg + Vermicompost 2 kg + Biofertilizers + 75% NPK) recorded the highest pseudostem height, girth, number of leaves and sucker production. The improvement in vegetative growth may be attributed to the combined application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources which enhanced nutrient availability and improved soil physical properties. Integrated nutrient management provides a continuous supply of nutrients, improves soil microbial activity and increases nutrient use efficiency. Similar results were reported by Patil and Shinde (2013) [28] who observed that banana plants require large quantities of nutrients and balanced fertilization significantly improves plant growth and yield. Recent research also supports these findings. Mahapatra et al. (2020) [22] reported that integrated nutrient management significantly increased pseudostem height, leaf area and vegetative growth of banana due to improved nutrient availability and enhanced microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Similarly, Kumar and Singh (2023) [31] found that the combined use of vermicompost and biofertilizers improves nutrient uptake efficiency and promotes vigorous vegetative growth in banana. The positive effect of organic manures such as FYM and vermicompost may also be due to their ability to improve soil structure, water-holding capacity and microbial activity. Organic sources release nutrients slowly and maintain nutrient availability throughout the crop growth period. In addition, biofertilizers such as Azotobacter and PSB enhance nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization, leading to improved nutrient uptake by plants. These findings are consistent with those reported by Murray (1960) [24] and later researchers who stated that increased nitrogen availability promotes leaf emergence and vegetative growth in banana plants. Furthermore, integrated nutrient management has been reported to maintain soil fertility and provide optimum nutrient supply for sustained crop productivity. Bhardwaj and Omanwar (1994) [5] also reported that combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers improves soil nutrient status and enhances plant growth compared to the use of chemical fertilizers alone.

Effect on Yield Attributes: Integrated nutrient management treatments significantly improved yield attributes such as number of hands per bunch, number of fingers per bunch, fruit weight and bunch weight. The treatment T7 recorded the highest bunch weight and fruit size, indicating better nutrient availability and improved physiological activity of plants. The increase in yield components may be attributed to enhanced nutrient uptake and improved photosynthetic efficiency resulting from balanced nutrient supply. Previous studies have also reported that integrated nutrient management significantly enhances yield attributes in banana. Pattar et al. (2018) [29] observed that application of recommended NPK along with FYM, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Azospirillum significantly increased number of hands per bunch, finger weight and total yield of banana. The beneficial effect of vermicompost in the present study could be due to the presence of growth-promoting substances such as humic acids and plant growth regulators which stimulate root growth and nutrient absorption. Similar observations were reported by Tejinder and Dhaliwal (2009) [63] who found that application of organic manures along with biofertilizers improved fruit weight and bunch characteristics in banana. In addition, the synergistic effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers enhances nutrient availability and reduces nutrient losses from the soil. This integrated approach ensures balanced nutrition throughout the crop growth period and improves yield attributes.

Effect on Yield:

The highest yield of banana was obtained under T7 treatment, which recorded significantly higher yield compared to farmer practice. The increase in yield under integrated nutrient management treatments may be due to improved soil fertility, higher nutrient availability and enhanced microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Organic manures not only supply nutrients but also improve soil structure and microbial activity, which leads to better root development and nutrient uptake. Earlier studies have also confirmed the positive effect of integrated nutrient management on banana yield. Kuttimani and Somasundaram (2010-2012) [19] reported that integrated nutrient management significantly increased growth, yield and nutrient uptake in banana compared to chemical fertilizers alone. Similarly, Chhuria et al. (2016) [7] reported that application of biofertilizers along with recommended fertilizer doses improved soil fertility and produced the highest yield in banana cv. Grand Naine.Recent studies have also confirmed the beneficial effects of integrated nutrient management on banana productivity. Sharma et al. (2021) [38] reported that application of vermicompost combined with 75% recommended NPK significantly increased bunch weight and fruit yield in banana. Likewise, Prasad et al. (2023) [31] observed that integrated nutrient management improved nutrient availability, increased photosynthetic efficiency and resulted in higher bunch weight and fruit yield compared to sole application of chemical fertilizers. The higher yield recorded under T7 treatment may also be due to improved nutrient availability from different sources. Banana is a heavy feeder crop and requires large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for optimum growth and yield. According to Anonymous (2004) [2] , production of one tonne of banana fruit requires approximately 7-8 kg nitrogen, 0.7-1.5 kg phosphorus and 17-20 kg potassium, highlighting the importance of balanced nutrient management. Therefore, the combined application of FYM, vermicompost, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers in the present study ensured balanced nutrition and resulted in higher yield and productivity. The demonstrations aimed to showcase the effectiveness of integrated nutrient management practices involving balanced fertilizer application, organic manures, and biofertilizers for improving productivity and profitability of banana cultivation. The results of the demonstrations clearly indicated that adoption of improved nutrient management practices significantly enhanced yield and economic returns compared with the farmers' traditional practices.

The success of the demonstrations was largely due to regular technical guidance, training programmes, field visits and farmer-scientist interactions conducted by KVK scientists. These extension activities improved farmers' knowledge and confidence regarding improved cultivation practices, thereby facilitating rapid adoption of the technology.

Impact of FLDs on Horizontal Spread of Technology

The Front-Line Demonstrations had a substantial impact on the horizontal spread of integrated nutrient management technology in banana cultivation. Prior to the demonstrations, the area under improved banana cultivation in the target villages was only 28 ha. However, after the successful implementation of FLDs and dissemination of the technology, the area increased to 60 ha, resulting in an expansion of 32 ha. This represents an impact increase of 214.29%, indicating a remarkable adoption of the demonstrated technology by farmers. The significant increase in cultivated area reflects the effectiveness of FLDs as a powerful extension approach for accelerating the adoption of improved agricultural technologies. [60] reported that FLDs increased crop productivity by 30-60% through improved management practices and farmer awareness. Similarly, Yadav et al.

(2023) [60] The results revealed that 53.57% of the farmers belonged to the high adoption category, indicating a strong acceptance of integrated nutrient management technology among banana growers in Northern Tripura.

Overall Interpretation:

The results of the study clearly indicate that integrated nutrient management (INM) significantly improved the growth, yield and profitability of banana (Musa sp.) cv. Sabri under the agro-climatic conditions of Northern Tripura. Among the treatments evaluated, T7 (FYM 10 kg + Vermicompost 2 kg + Biofertilizers + 75% NPK) recorded the highest fruit yield (33.20 t ha⁻¹), which was substantially higher than the farmers' practice (20.40 t ha⁻¹). Yield gap analysis revealed an extension gap of 12.89 t ha⁻¹ and a technology index of 7.53%, indicating the high feasibility of the demonstrated technology under farmers' field conditions. The adoption study conducted among 140 farmers showed that 53.57% of the farmers belonged to the high adoption category, demonstrating strong acceptance of the integrated nutrient management technology. The results highlight the effectiveness of Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) in promoting improved nutrient management practices and bridging the gap between research and farmers' fields.

Impact Assessment on Farmers' Income and Livelihood:

The introduction of integrated nutrient management technology through FLDs had a significant positive impact on farmers' income and livelihood. The improved treatment recorded a yield of 33.20 t ha⁻¹, compared with 20.40 t ha⁻¹ under farmers' practice, resulting in a yield increase of 63.19%. Economic analysis revealed that adoption of INM practices increased the gross return to ₹5,31,200 ha⁻¹ and net return to ₹4,20,640 ha⁻¹, compared with ₹3,26,400 ha⁻¹ and ₹2,43,680 ha⁻¹ under traditional practices. The benefit-cost ratio improved from 3.94 to 5.25, indicating higher profitability. The increased income improved farmers' financial stability, encouraged expansion of banana cultivation and strengthened livelihood security in the study area. Overall, the impact assessment clearly indicates that the adoption of integrated nutrient management technology significantly improved farmers' productivity, income and livelihood security. The successful demonstration of the technology also encouraged neighbouring farmers to adopt the improved practices, thereby increasing the overall area under scientific banana cultivation in the region.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that integrated nutrient management significantly enhances the productivity and profitability of banana (Musa sp.) cv. Sabri in Northern Tripura. The treatment T7 (FYM + Vermicompost + Biofertilizers + 75% NPK) recorded the highest yield and economic returns. Yield gap analysis indicated substantial scope for increasing banana productivity through improved nutrient management practices. The high adoption level among farmers and the positive impact on income confirm that integrated nutrient management is a technically feasible, economically viable and environmentally sustainable approach for banana cultivation. Therefore, wider dissemination of this technology through training programmes and large-scale demonstrations can significantly contribute to improving banana production and farmers' livelihood in the region.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgmentsWe do hereby declare and acknowledge the technical and financial support of ICAR-ATARI Zone VII, Umiam, Meghalaya, ATMA, and the State Agri Dept for the successful implementation of the study. Dr. Abhijit Debnath, SMS (Horticulture) worked as Nodal Officer/Principal Investigator for this work while posted at KVK North Tripura. We also express our sincere thanks to the staff of KVK North Tripura and other Host Institutions and the participating farmers for their cooperation and support during the course of the study.

References

1. Agricultural Technology Management Agency. Operational guidelines. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India; 2018.
2. Anonymous. Banana production technologies. National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, India; 2004.
3. Aurore G, Parfait B, Fahrasmane L. Bananas, raw materials for making processed food products. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2009;20(2):78-91. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.10.003.
4. Bharadwaj V, Omanwar PK. Long-term effects of continuous fertilization on crop productivity and soil properties. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 1994;42:387-392.
5. Bhardwaj V, Omanwar PK. Long-term effects of continuous rotational cropping and fertilization on crop yields and soil properties. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 1994;42:387-392.
6. Biswas DR, Narayanasamy G, Singh S. Soil fertility management for sustainable crop production. Indian Journal of Fertilisers. 2012;8(12):30-44.
7. Chhuria S, Yadav L, Singh P. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 2016;73(3):421-425.
8. Chivenge P, Vanlauwe B, Six J. Does the combined application of organic and mineral nutrient sources influence maize productivity? A meta-analysis. Plant and Soil. 2011;342:1-30. doi: 10.1007/s11104-0100626-5.
9. Dadzie BK, Orchard JE. Routine post-harvest screening of banana/plantain hybrids: Criteria and methods. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI); 1997.
10. FAOSTAT. FAO statistical database on global banana production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2023. Available from: https://www.fao.org/faostat.
11. Food and Agriculture Organization. FAOSTAT statistical database. FAO; 2020. Available from: https://www.fao.org/faostat.
12. Gogoi B, Baruah K, Bora P. Integrated nutrient management in banana: A review. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2015;11(2):398-402.
13. Hazarika TK, Ansari S. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana in Northeast India. HortFlora Research Spectrum. 2010;2(1):64-67.
14. Hazarika TK, Nautiyal BP, Bhuyan M. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 2010;67(2):270273.
15. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Front line demonstration guidelines. ICAR, New Delhi; 2016.
16. Jackson ML. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.; 1973.
17. Kumar N, Soorianathasundaram K, Wahab K. Effect of organic farming on yield and quality of banana. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 2008;3(2):143-147.
18. Kumar R, Singh P, Sharma A. Integrated nutrient management for sustainable banana production. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 2021;16(2):120-128.
19. Kuttimani R, Somasundaram E. Integrated nutrient management for improving soil fertility and yield of banana. Madras Agricultural Journal. 2010;97:205-208.
20. Kuttimani R, Velayudham K, Somasundaram E. Integrated nutrient management in banana production systems. Asian Journal of Horticulture. 2013;8(1):124129.
21. Lahav E, Turner DW. Banana nutrition. International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland; 1983.
22. Mahapatra S, Das B, Mishra P. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020;8(4):2560-2564.
23. Meena RP, Sharma P, Verma S. Impact of front line demonstrations on yield and economics of crops. Journal of Krishi Vigyan. 2017;5(2):45-48.
24. Murray DB. The effects of nitrogen on banana growth and development. Tropical Agriculture. 1960;37:89-95.
25. NHB. National Horticulture Board database. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India; 2022. Available from: https://nhb.gov.in.
26. Palm CA, Myers RJ, Nandwa SM. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources for soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication. 2001;51:193-217.
27. Patil VK, Shinde BN. Studies on integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana cv. Ardhapuri (Musa AAA). Journal of Horticulture and Forestry. 2013;5(9):130-138. doi: 10.5897/JHF2013.0314.
28. Patil VK, Shinde BN. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2013;8(52):68086814. doi: 10.5897/AJAR2013.7362.
29. Pattar SS, Hipparagi K, Biradar IB, Patil SN, Suma R, Awati M, Kamble A. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield parameters of banana cv. Rajapuri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018;7(1):2986-3000. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.355.
30. Pattar SS, Kulkarni SS, Patil DR. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield parameters of banana cv. Rajapuri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018;7(1):2986-3000. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.356.
31. Prasad R, Singh N, Kumar A. Integrated nutrient management for enhancing banana productivity. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2023;46(7):1201-1210. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2022.2141235.
32. Rani P, Kumar V. Role of organic manures and biofertilizers in improving soil fertility and banana productivity. Agricultural Reviews. 2023;44(2):156162. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2400.
33. Rao KV, Reddy YTN. Integrated nutrient management in banana cultivation. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 2009;4(1):65-69.
34. Rao S, Reddy M, Prasad R. Integrated nutrient management for sustainable banana production. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2016;86(5):612-617.
35. Robinson JC, Galán-Saúco V. Bananas and plantains. 2nd ed. CABI Publishing; 2010. doi: 10.1079/9781845936587.0000.
36. Roy RN, Finck A, Blair GJ, Tandon HLS. Plant nutrition for food security: A guide for integrated nutrient management. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 16; 2006.
37. Sathish K, Reddy P, Rao M. Integrated nutrient management improves yield and fruit quality of banana. Scientia Horticulturae. 2022;297:110932. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110932.
38. Sharma D, Verma S, Yadav K. Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on banana yield. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2021;91(3):412-416.
39. Sharma R, Singh V, Kumar A. Impact of front line demonstrations on productivity enhancement. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education. 2015;15(2):70-73.
40. Singh HP, Uma S, Selvarajan R, Karihaloo JL. Banana cultivation and production in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2018;88(3):321-330.
41. Debnath A. Molecular regulation of salt stress tolerance in fruit crops with special emphasis on WRKY transcription factors. Plant Science Review. 2020. doi: 10.51470/PSR.2020.01.01.09.
42. Singh HP, Uma S, Selvarajan R. Advances in banana production technologies. ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana; 2011.
43. Debnath A. Hormonal crosstalk and signal transduction mechanisms regulating plant reproductive development. Agriculture Reviews: An International Journal. 2022. doi: 10.51470/AR.2022.1.1.05.
44. Dahal B, Bag AG, Raut S. Integrated nutrient management for lentil cultivation: Improving soil fertility, nutrient content, and economic returns. Acta Biology Forum. 2024;4(1):24-34.
45. Singh K, Singh J. Effect of organic manures on soil fertility and crop productivity. Agricultural Reviews. 2018;39(3):225-231. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1723.
46. Subba Rao NS. Biofertilizers in agriculture and forestry. 3rd ed. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.; 1993.
47. Debnath A. Environmental implications of peat-based growing media on carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions in horticultural systems. Xplore Environment: An International Journal. 2021. doi: 10.51470/XE.2021.1.2.01.
48. Vidhya CS, Swamy GN, Das A, Noopur K, Vedulla M. Cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PPL: Antifungal mechanisms and their role in controlling pepper and tomato diseases. Microbiology Archives, An International Journal. 2023;5(2):1-11. doi: 10.51470/MA.2023.5.2.1.
49. VijayKumar R. Impact of microbial inoculants on rice growth and yield in a drumstick-based agroforestry system. Microbiology Archives, An International Journal. 2020.
50. Subba Rao NS. Biofertilizers in agriculture and forestry. 3rd ed. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.; 2001.
51. Tiwari R, Mishra P, Singh S. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield of banana. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2014;37:1845-1855. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2014.889149.
52. Tripathi L, Tripathi JN, Tushemereirwe WK. Banana improvement through biotechnology. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;11(6):1351-1362. doi: 10.5897/AJBX11.053.
53. Vanlauwe B, Bationo A, Chianu J, et al. Integrated soil fertility management: Operational definition and consequences for implementation and dissemination. Outlook on Agriculture. 2010;39(1):17-24. doi: 10.5367/000000010791169998.
54. Varatharajan T, Krishnamoorthy R, Senthilkumar M. Integrated nutrient management enhances crop productivity and soil microbial activity. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2022;13:975569. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975569.
55. Sangma JJ. Next-generation functional foods: Bridging gut microbiota modulation and personalized nutrition. Microbiology Archives, An International Journal. 2024;6(1):61-65.
56. Babu S, Darjee S, Alekhya G. Enhancing farmer prosperity: Implementing integrated farming systems for increased income. Agriculture Archives: An International Journal. 2022.
57. Vessey JK. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil. 2003;255:571-586. doi: 10.1023/A:1026037216893.
58. Wang L, Li Z, Chen X. Integrated nutrient strategies for sustainable agricultural production. Agricultural Systems. 2025;218:103895. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103895.
59. Yadav RL, Dwivedi BS, Pandey PS. Rice-wheat cropping system: Assessment of sustainability under integrated nutrient management. European Journal of Agronomy. 2000;13:1-11. doi: 10.1016/S11610301(00)00062-0.
60. Yadav R, Meena M, Singh B. Impact of front line demonstrations on technology adoption. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education. 2023;23(1):45-50.
61. Muzaffar SS. Meeting the Demand: Achieving Zero Hunger through Balanced Food Supply and Demand. Agriculture Archives: An International Journal. 2022.
62. Zaman M, Khan M, Ali M. Integrated nutrient management for improving productivity of fruit crops. International Journal of Agricultural Research. 2019;14:12-20. doi: 10.3923/ijar.2019.12.20.
63. Kaur T, Gill MI, Dhaliwal HS. Effect of different levels of N and P on ratoon crop of banana cv. Grand Naine. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 2009 Jun 30;4(1):6870.