Comparative effects of nano-iron, salicylic acid, and rizolex fungicide on the growth and biochemical traits of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nano-iron and salicylic acid on the physiological and biochemical traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in both laboratory and pot experiments. The results showed that the nano-iron significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, increased chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents, and reduced free proline and hydrogen peroxide accumulations, indicating improved photosynthetic efficiency and reduced oxidative stress. Additionally, the laboratory experiments demonstrated that the nano-iron improved nutrient uptake and stimulated metabolic activities, positively affecting cell integrity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Salicylic acid increased fresh and dry weights of shoots and root systems, elevated chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents, and reduced proline and hydrogen peroxide, reflecting enhanced metabolic processes and physiological performance. In contrast, the chemical fungicide Rizolex had limited impact on physiological traits, showing only slight increases in fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content, with minimal effect on carbohydrates or oxidative stress indicators. Overall, nano and natural treatments were more effective than chemical fungicides in promoting tomato growth and physiological efficiency, and combining nano-iron with salicylic acid could provide synergistic effects to enhance productivity and plant performance.

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Control: Mean plumule length (cm) vs Mean radicle length (cm)Close ×

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Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide and in Iraq. It belongs to the family Solanaceae and represents a fundamental pillar of Iraqi agricultural production, as it is widely cultivated and significantly contributes to supporting the local economy and achieving food security. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT, 2025) [21] indicate that tomato production in Iraq faces increasing challenges due to adverse environmental conditions and the widespread incidence of pests and plant diseases. With the growing environmental awareness of the harmful effects of chemical pesticides on human health and soil quality, it has become necessary to move toward sustainable and ecofriendly alternatives. Among these alternatives, salicylic acid is considered an effective compound that stimulates systemic acquired resistance mechanisms in plants, thereby enhancing their ability to withstand pathogenic stresses (Abass, 2017) [1] . In addition, nanotechnology applications, such as nano-iron, have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing plant immunity and improving resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses (Abd Oun, 2023) [4] . Treating tomato plants with silver nanoparticles under field conditions resulted in a positive effect, represented by an increase in the internal content of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, as well as an enhancement in the activity of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, indicating their role in improving the physiological efficiency of the plant (Mahawar et al., 2020) [35] .

International Journal of Agriculture and Nutrition https://www.agriculturejournal.net

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar spraying with salicylic acid on some physiological traits and the productivity of cherry tomato plants (cv. Batil) using four levels of salicylic acid. The results showed that the high concentration of salicylic acid (150) achieved significant increases in all studied traits, including NPK content, leaf area, and yield (AL-Mafargy et al., 2020) [9] . This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of both nano-iron and salicylic acid in improving tomato seed germination parameters, as well as to assess the physiological responses and potential phytotoxic effects of these treatments on tomato plant growth.

Materials and Methods

Effect of Nano-Iron Oxide, Salicylic Acid, and Rizolex on Tomato Seed Germination under Laboratory Conditions. Salicylic acid and nano-iron particles (30-50 nm) were obtained from Skyspring Nanomaterials Inc. (USA). The fungicide was obtained from Greenriver Industry Co., Ltd., a Chinese company specialized in the manufacture of agricultural pesticides. Tomato seeds (cv. Asma F1) were obtained from Green Gold Company.

The experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Misan. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds of the cultivar Asma F1 were used. Seeds were surface-sterilized with 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min, thoroughly rinsed with distilled water, and airdried. Ten seeds were placed in each Petri dish lined with sterile filter paper and evenly distributed. Five milliliters of treatment solutions were added as follows: nano-iron oxide at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 ppm; salicylic acid at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ppm; and the fungicide Rizolex at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 ppm, in addition to a control treatment (distilled water). The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 ± 2 °C. After 10 days of incubation, the following germination parameters were recorded:

1. Peak value of germination (PV): Calculated according to Czabator (1962) [17] .

Mean germination time (MGT): Calculated following

Ellis and Roberts (1981) [20] .

Mean daily germination (MDG):

Calculated using the equation of Czabator (1962) [17] .

Germination percentage (GP): Calculated as:

GP (%) = (Number of germinated seeds / Total number of seeds) × 100.

Germination rate (GR): Calculated according to

Germination rate (GR): Calculated according to

Germination value (GV): Calculated as:

GV = PV × MDG (Czabator, 1962) [17] . 7. Plumule and radicle length (cm): Five normal seedlings were randomly selected from each treatment, and the lengths of plumule and radicle were measured and averaged (AOSA, 1983).

Tolerance index (TI): Calculated according to Iqbal

and Rahmati (1992) [28] . 9. Seedling vigor index (SVI): Calculated using the equation of Abdul-Baki and Anderson (1973) [3] .

Effect of Nano-Iron Oxide, Salicylic Acid, and Rizolex on Tomato Plant Growth under Pot Conditions. The pot experiment was conducted using plastic pots with a capacity of 3 kg, filled with sterilized soil. Tomato seedlings (cv. Asma F1) were transplanted at a rate of three seedlings per pot, with three replicates per treatment.

Plants were treated with nano-iron oxide at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 ppm, followed by salicylic acid at concentrations of 1, 1.5, and 2 ppm, and the fungicide Rizolex at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 ppm, in addition to an untreated control. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays until runoff. Plants were maintained under greenhouse conditions and irrigated regularly. At the end of the experimental period, the following growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters were evaluated: Fresh and Dry Weight of Shoot and Root Systems (g) Fresh weight was measured by harvesting three plants per treatment, cutting them at the soil surface, and immediately weighing them using a sensitive balance. For dry weight determination, samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h until constant weight and then weighed.

Chlorophyll pigments

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents were determined according to Arnon (1949). Briefly, 200 mg of fresh leaf tissue was homogenized in 8 mL of 80% acetone, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, and absorbance was recorded at 645 and 665 nm using a spectrophotometer. Pigment concentrations were calculated using the equations of Ranganna (1977).

Free proline content

Proline content was determined following Bates et al.

(1973) [14] . 0.5 g of fresh leaf tissue was homogenized in 10 mL of 3% sulfosalicylic acid, centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 min, and reacted with acid ninhydrin reagent. After incubation at 100 °C for 1 h, absorbance was measured at 520 nm, and proline concentration was expressed as µmol g⁻¹ fresh weight

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content

Hydrogen peroxide content was determined according to Sergiev et al. (1997) [46] . Leaf tissue (0.5 g) was extracted in 0.1% trichloroacetic acid, centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 min, and the supernatant was reacted with potassium phosphate buffer and potassium iodide. Absorbance was recorded at 390 nm, and H₂O₂ concentration was calculated using a standard curve.

Total carbohydrate content

Total carbohydrate content was determined according to Dubois et al. (1956) [18] . Dried leaf tissue (0.1 g) was extracted with 80% ethanol, reacted with phenol and concentrated sulfuric acid, and absorbance was measured at 490 nm using a spectrophotometer.

Experimental design and statistical analysis

Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) under a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at p ≤ 0.01 for the laboratory experiment and p ≤ 0.05 for the pot experiment.

Results and Discussion

Results and Discussion

Effect of nano-iron oxide on tomato seed germination parameters in petri dishes

The results presented in increased markedly to 318.3 and 4149, respectively, at 300 ppm, compared with 100 and 1084.8 in the control. All differences among treatments were statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01. These results can be attributed to the unique physicochemical properties of nano-iron particles, including large surface area, high reactivity, and enhanced solubility, which facilitate their interaction with cellular membranes and internal cellular components, thereby improving physiological processes related to seed germination and early growth (Feng et al., 2022) [22] . Moreover, seed priming with metallic nanoparticles stimulates enzymatic activities such as amylase and protease, promoting the mobilization of stored reserves required for embryo development and germination (Abid et al., 2022) [5] . [19] . [38] . The active ingredient, Tolclofos-methyl, acts as a protective fungicide, preventing early infections and producing healthier, stronger seedlings.

Effect of nano-iron oxide on fresh and dry weight of tomato plants in pots

The results (Table 4) indicated that nano-iron oxide concentrations (100, 200, 300 ppm) significantly influenced the fresh and dry weights of both shoot and root systems in tomato plants. The highest concentration (300 ppm) recorded the greatest fresh weight (290 mg for shoots and 142.2 mg for roots) and dry weight (19 mg for shoots and 3 mg for roots), with statistically significant differences compared to the control.

Treatment (ppm)	Fresh Weight of Shoot (mg)	Fresh Weight of Root (mg)	Dry Weight of Shoot (mg)	Dry Weight of Root (mg)
Control	282	33	13	2.33
100	130	37	9	1.33
200	190	77	12.7	2.33
300	290	142.2	19	3
LSD 0.05	60	83.7	3.6	0. 9

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Nano-iron oxide is considered a promising alternative to conventional iron supplements in agriculture, as it enhances plant growth, increases fresh and dry weight, and stimulates secondary metabolite production by improving iron uptake and activating physiological processes within the plant (Irum et al., 2020). Another study on soybean showed that 0.75 ppm of nano-iron oxide significantly increased fresh and dry weights of leaves and pods (Sheykhbaglou et al., 2010) [39] . [16,15,32,40] .

Free proline content

Nano-iron oxide treatment resulted in a significant reduction in leaf free proline content. The lowest value was observed at 300 ppm (0.570 µmol g⁻¹) compared to 0.607 µmol g⁻¹ in the control, indicating reduced oxidative stress and better physiological status of the plants. This reflects the activation of osmotic adjustment and stress adaptation mechanisms (Alhaithloul, 2023; Singh et al., 2024) [8,40] .

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content

H₂O₂ levels decreased significantly with nano-iron treatment, reaching 0.850 mmol g⁻¹ at 300 ppm, compared to 1.295 mmol g⁻¹ in the control. This reduction is associated with enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), contributing to decreased oxidative damage in plant tissues (Manzoor et al., 2023) [34] .

Carbohydrate content

The highest carbohydrate content was observed at 300 ppm (16.32 mg g⁻¹), significantly higher than the control (11.05 mg g⁻¹). This increase is likely due to enhanced photosynthetic performance, higher chlorophyll content, and improved iron uptake, which together stimulate sugar accumulation in plant tissues (Yoon et al., 2019; Ghaseminezhad et al., 2022) [44,24] . Table (5).

Effect of salicylic acid on fresh and dry weight of tomato plants Results showed that salicylic acid at concentrations of 1, 1.5, and 2 ppm significantly affected the fresh and dry weight of both shoot and root systems. The highest increase was observed at 2 ppm, with fresh weight reaching 259m g for shoots and 148.3m g for roots, and dry weight reaching 52.7 mg for shoots and 3.3m g for roots, compared to the control values of 107 and 31,7m g (fresh weight) and 14 and 2m g (dry weight) for shoots and roots, respectively (Table 6). Salicylic acid enhances fresh and dry weight by stimulating essential metabolic processes, including improved photosynthetic efficiency and protein synthesis, which directly contribute to biomass accumulation in both shoots and roots (Van et al., 2022) [2] . [29,41,11] .

Treatment (ppm)	Fresh Weight (mg)	—	Dry Weight (mg)	—
	Shoot	Root	Shoot	Root
Control	107	31.7	14	2
1	124	12	7	1.3
1.5	139	99	12	1.7
2	259	146.3	25.7	3.3
LSD (0.05)	57	26.6	4.2	1

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Effect of salicylic acid on fresh and dry weight of shoot

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Free proline content

Treatment with salicylic acid reduced leaf free proline levels. The lowest content was recorded at 2 ppm (0.527 µmol g⁻¹) compared to 0.607 µmol g⁻¹ in the control. This decrease results from the regulation of proline metabolism, where biosynthetic enzymes (γ-glutamyl kinase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase) are downregulated, and proline oxidase activity is increased, enhancing proline degradation. This reflects improved stress adaptation and metabolic balance (Misra & Saxena, 2009) [36] . [27,26] . [10,25] . (Table 7). The positive effect of Rizolex on both fresh and dry weight is attributed to its role in promoting early growth of roots and stems (Vuyyuru et al., 2018) [43] . Other studies also reported that Rizolex treatment enhanced plant growth traits compared to the control. For dry weight, treated plants reached 7 g per plant, while fresh weight showed a balanced International Journal of Agriculture and Nutrition https://www.agriculturejournal.net increase compared to other treatments (Korayem et al., 2020) [30] . [31] , who observed a marked increase in chlorophyll pigments at 25 ppm.

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Effect of salicylic acid on chlorophyll, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and carbohydrate content of tomato seedlings

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Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content

Carbohydrate content

Carbohydrate content

Free proline content

Rizolex treatments significantly affected free proline levels, with the lowest value recorded at 20 ppm (0.563 µmol g⁻¹), compared with 0.607 µmol g⁻¹ in the control. This reduction indicates decreased stress intensity and improved physiological balance. Rizolex may transiently increase abscisic acid (ABA), influencing amino acid metabolism and proline turnover, thereby enhancing stress tolerance (Manivannan et al., 2007) [33] . Previous studies also reported a 30-75% reduction in proline content in tomato plants treated with recommended doses of Rizolex (Selim & Selim, 2019) [38] .

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content

Statistical results (Figure 8) indicated that Rizolex significantly reduced leaf H₂O₂ levels, with the lowest concentration recorded at 20 ppm (1.084 mmol g⁻¹) compared with 1.295 mmol g⁻¹ in the control. This decrease reflects enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms and reduced oxidative damage. Rizolex has been shown to limit ROS accumulation and protect membrane integrity, thereby improving plant physiological status (Velikova et al., 2000; Selim & Selim, 2019) [42,38] .

Carbohydrate content

Rizolex treatments significantly influenced carbohydrate content; however, no significant difference was observed between the 20 ppm treatment (10.27 mg g⁻¹) and the control (11.05 mg g⁻¹). This response may be related to reduced sink strength and limited translocation of sugars from leaves to growing tissues, resulting in carbohydrate retention in leaves (Zabalza et al., 2004) [45] . In contrast, Mystkowska (2023) [37] reported that Rizolex increased total and reducing sugars in potato tubers, indicating enhanced carbohydrate accumulation under certain growth conditions. (Table 9).

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Effect of Rizolex on chlorophyll, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and carbohydrate content of tomato seedlings

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Conclusion

The study revealed that nano-iron and salicylic acid significantly enhanced tomato growth, increased chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents, and reduced proline and hydrogen peroxide accumulations, indicating improved physiological performance and reduced oxidative stress. In contrast, the Rizolex fungicide showed limited effects on physiological traits, slightly increasing some parameters such as fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content, while its impact on carbohydrates, proline, and hydrogen peroxide was minimal.

It is recommended to use nano-iron or salicylic acid to enhance growth and physiological efficiency, limit the use of Rizolex to disease control only, and consider combining nano-iron with salicylic acid for potential synergistic effects to improve growth and productivity.

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgmentsextend my sincere thanks and gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Misan, for their continuous support and kind encouragement throughout the preparation of this research, which greatly facilitated the completion of this work in an academic and systematic manner. I also express my deep appreciation and gratitude to the Department of Plant Protection for providing all the scientific, laboratory, and practical expertise, which directly contributed to the success of this research and the achievement of its scientific objectives. I would also like to thank everyone who contributed, directly or indirectly, to supporting this work, and I pray that Almighty God rewards them all generously.

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Effect of nano-iron oxide on tomato seed germination parameters in petri dishes

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Effect of salicylic acid on germination parameters of tomato seeds in petri dishes

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Effect of Rizolex pesticide on germination parameters of tomato seeds in petri dishes

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Effect of nano-iron oxide on chlorophyll, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and carbohydrate content of tomato seedlings

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Treatment (ppm)	Fresh Weight (mg)	—	Dry Weight (mg)	—
	Shoot	Root	Shoot	Root
Control	288.0	38.3	14.3	23.3
5	104.0	28.0	9.0	1.33
10	145.0	24.0	12.7	1.67
20	213.3	44.3	19.0	2.00
LSD (0.05)	298.1	11.8	2.7	1.3

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