Intercropping systems in pulse crops: A sustainable approach for yield improvement and resource use efficiency: A review

Abstract

Intercropping is a sustainable and resource-efficient cropping system that involves the simultaneous cultivation of two or more crops in the same field during a growing season. Pulse crops are an integral component of sustainable agriculture due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, improve soil fertility, and enhance nutritional security. However, the productivity of pulses remains low under monocropping systems due to poor resource utilization, soil degradation, and climatic variability. Intercropping systems in pulse crops provide an effective strategy for improving yield, resource use efficiency, soil health, and economic returns. The complementary interaction between component crops enhances light interception, water utilization, nutrient uptake, and biological nitrogen fixation. Pulse-based intercropping systems such as cereal-pulse, oilseed-pulse, and pulse-pulse combinations have demonstrated higher land equivalent ratio, yield stability, and profitability compared to sole cropping. Additionally, intercropping improves biodiversity, reduces pest and disease incidence, and promotes ecological sustainability. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the concept, principles, types, productivity advantages, and resource use efficiency of intercropping systems in pulse crops with special emphasis on sustainable agricultural production and long-term soil health.