In-vitro evaluation of Gomutra as a bio-enhancer of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli & Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Bio-enhancers represent a promising pharmaceutical strategy to improve drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy without increasing dosage. Natural bio-enhancers are gaining attention owing to their safety, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with conventional medicines. Gomutra (cow urine), traditionally utilised in Ayurveda, is reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties; however, systematic pharmaceutical validation of its bio-enhancing potential remains limited. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the in vitro bio-enhancer potential of Gomutra by assessing its influence on the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion assay. Gomutra alone exhibited mild antibacterial activity, whereas ciprofloxacin demonstrated significant inhibitory effects. The ciprofloxacin–Gomutra combination showed a statistically significant enhancement in antibacterial activity, with increases of approximately 27.8% against E. coli and 25.8% against S. aureus compared to ciprofloxacin alone (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that Gomutra may function as a natural bio-enhancer under in-vitro conditions, supporting its potential application as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy. Further mechanistic and In-vivo investigations are necessary to validate its therapeutic relevance.