Effect of nutrient management practices on yield attributes and yield of linseed in Uttar Bastar Kanker district of Chhattisgarh

Introduction

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the oldest crop plants cultivated in around 47 countries for the purpose of seed oil and fibre. Linseed has been an ancient crop but due to recent availability of various oils, it had taken a backseat in agrarian choice. These days linseed seeds are recommended to be eaten roasted and grinded because of rich source of Omega-3 fatty acids. Linseed seeds have been widely used in Indian cooking and cuisines from time immemorial and eaten as a supplement as well. Flax seeds are added to chutneys and breads like chapatis and parathas. Linseed is dual purpose crop. It yields oil from seeds and fibre from stem. Linseed is one of the important oilseed crops in India and stands next to rapeseed-mustard in rabi season oilseeds with respect to area and production. Linseed occupies an area of 2.39 lakh ha with a production 1.67 lakh tonnes and an average productivity of 698 kg ha -1 in the country, whereas in Chhattisgarh, it occupies an area of 0.08 lakh ha with a production 0.03 lakh tonnes and productivity of about 385 kg ha -1 (Anonymous, 2025) [1] . The major linseed growing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Nagaland and Assam accounting for about 97 percent of total area of the country. Chhattisgarh is one of the important linseed growing states of the country. It occupies 9 per cent of area under oilseeds and 6.29 per cent contribution to the total oilseed production of the country. The cultivation of linseed is restricted mostly on marginal and sub-marginal soils under rainfed condition, input starved conditions, no proper crop management, low market price and procurement support are some of the major factors leading to low productivity and profitability of the crop.

Low productivity of linseed may be ascribed to many reasons and poor management practices, but inadequate and imbalanced nutrient management, delayed sowing and age-old varieties are the major factor. To enhance the productivity of linseed, use of balanced nutrient management by the application of chemical fertilizer, along with organic manures is of great importance. Judicious application of nutrients particularly the nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and sulphur will not only help to sustain the linseed crop productivity but also effective for maintaining good soil health and increasing the nutrient use efficiency. Thus, there is need to test the response of promising varieties under different nutrient management practices. ) and available phosphorus (10.83 kg ha -1 ) and medium in available potassium (190.67 kg ha -1 ) and organic carbon (0.52%) and neutral in reaction (6.5 pH). This experiment was conducted in Randomized complete block design. Eleven nutrient management treatment viz. T 1: 50% RDF, T 2: 75% RDF, T 3: 100% RDF (60,30,30,20 kg N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O,S ha -1 ), T 4: Soil test-based fertilizer recommendation (90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O ha -1 ), T 5: 50% recommended dose of nitrogen of RDF, T 6: 75% recommended dose of nitrogen of RDF, T 7: T 1 + Two spray of nano urea @ 3ml litre -1 of water at flower initiation and capsule formation stage, T 8: T 2 + Two spray of nano urea @ 3ml litre -1 of water at flower initiation and capsule formation stage, T 9: T 3 + Two spray of nano urea @ 3ml litre -1 of water at flower initiation and capsule formation stage, T 10: T 4 + Two spray of nano urea @ 3ml litre -1 of water at flower initiation and capsule formation stage and T 11: Absolute control were allotted in each plot in three replication. Half of the nitrogen and full doses of P 2 O 5 , K 2 O and S were applied as basal in crop and remaining ½ N applied after first irrigation about 30-35 DAS. Linseed variety RLC-92 grown with recommended package of practices under irrigated condition.

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Number of filled capsule plant -1 and total number of capsule plant -1

Number of filled capsules recorded significantly higher in the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea which was found to be at par with the application of 100% RDF along with two spray of nano urea and 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 during both the years and on mean basis and it was also found at par with the application of 100% RDF during both the years and with the application of 75% RDN of RDF during 2022-23. The application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea recorded significantly higher total number of capsules plant -1 during both the years and on mean basis which was found to be at par with the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 during 2021-22 and with the application of 100% RDF along with two spray of nano urea during 2022-23. Absolute control treatment recorded lowest number of filled capsule plant -1 and total number of capsule plant -1 during both the years and on mean basis. Similar results have also been reported by Wakudkar et al. (2024) [14] , Durgeshwari et al. (2023) [4] , Singh et al. (2023) [13] , Gaikwad et al. (2020) [5] , Patil et al. (2018) [10] , Gupta et al. (2017) [6] , Pohare et al. (2015) [11] , Singh et al.

(2013) [12] , Khajani et al. (2012) [7] , Malik et al. (2008) [9] and Kushwaha et al. (2006) [8] .

Number of seeds capsule -1 and test weight

Number of seeds capsule -1 and test weight both differed nonsignificantly due to various nutrient management practices during both the years and on mean basis. The application of both 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea and 100% RDF along with two spray of nano urea recorded higher number of seeds capsule -1 followed by application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 and 100% RDF during 2021-22. Whereas, application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 recorded higher number of seeds capsule -1 followed by application of 100% RDF during 2022-23. Similarly, on mean basis the application of both 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 and 100% RDF recorded higher number of seeds capsule -1 followed by application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea. The application of both 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 and 75% RDF along with two spray of nano urea were recorded higher test weight followed by the application of 75% RDN of RDF, 100% RDF along with two spray of nano urea and 100% RDF during both the years and on mean basis. Absolute control treatment recorded lowest number of seeds capsule -1 and test weigh during both the years and on mean basis. Similar results have also been reported by Wakudkar et al. (2024) [14] , Singh et al. (2023) [13] , Gaikwad et al. (2020) [5] , Patil et al. (2018) [10] , Gupta et al. (2017) [6] , Pohare et al. (2015) [11] , Singh et al. (2013) [12] , Khajani et al. (2012) [7] and Kushwaha et al. (2006) [8] ,

Seed yield

The seed yield significantly influenced due to various nutrient management practices (Table 2). The application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea resulted significantly higher seed yield which was found to be at par with the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 and 100% RDF along with two spray of nano urea during both the years and on mean basis. Absolute control treatment resulted lowest seed yield during both the years and on mean basis. Similar results have also been reported by Wakudkar et al. (2024) [14] , Durgeshwari et al. (2023) [4] , Singh et al. (2023) [13] , Gaikwad et al. (2020) [5] , Patil et al. (2018) [10] , Gupta et al. (2017) [6] , Pohare et al. (2015) [11] , Singh et al. (2013) [12] , Khajani et al. (2012) [7] , Kushwaha et al. (2006) [8] , Choubey et al. (2003) [3] and Badiyala and Kumar (2003) [2] .

Stover yield

The stover yield significantly influenced due to various nutrient management practices (Table 2). The application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea resulted significantly higher stover yield which was found to be at par with the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 during both the years and on mean basis and also found at par with the application of 100% RDF along with two spray of nano urea during both the years. Absolute control treatment resulted lowest stover yield during both the years and on mean basis. Similar results have also been reported by Wakudkar et al. (2024) [14] , Durgeshwari et al. (2023) [4] , Singh et al. (2023) [13] , Gaikwad et al. (2020) [5] , Patil et al. (2018) [10] , Gupta et al. (2017) [6] , Pohare et al. (2015) [11] , Singh et al. (2013) [12] , Khajani et al. (2012) [7] , Kushwaha et al. (2006) [8] , Choubey et al. (2003) [3] and Badiyala and Kumar (2003) [2] .

Biological yield

The Biological yield significantly influenced due to various nutrient management practices (Table 2). The application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea resulted significantly higher biological yield which was found to be at par with the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 during both the years and on mean basis. Absolute control treatment resulted lowest biological yield during both the years and on mean basis. Similar results have also been reported by Wakudkar et al. (2024) [14] , Durgeshwari et al. (2023) [4] , Singh et al. (2023) [13] , Gaikwad et al. (2020) [5] , Patil et al. (2018) [10] , Gupta et al. (2017) [6] , Pohare et al. (2015) [11] , Singh et al. (2013) [12] , Khajani et al. (2012) [7] , Kushwaha et al. (2006) [8] , Choubey et al. (2003) [3] and Badiyala and Kumar (2003) [2] .

Harvest index

The harvest index influenced non significantly due to various nutrient management practices (Table 2). The application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 resulted higher harvest index followed by the application of 100% RDF during both the years and on mean basis. Absolute control treatment resulted lowest harvest index during both the years and on mean basis. Similar results have also been reported by Durgeshwari et al. (2023) [4] , Singh et al. (2023) [13] and Gaikwad et al. (2020) [5] .

Conclusion

On the basis of experimental findings, it is concluded that the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 along with two spray of nano urea and the application of 90,45,30 kg N, P 2 O5, K 2 O ha -1 proved superior over rest of the nutrient management treatments for seed and stover yield. These treatments could be recommended for higher productivity and profitability of linseed for the district of Uttar Bastar, Kanker of Chhattisgarh state.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementThe authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Deo Shankar (Ex Dean) and Dr. N. K Rastogi, Dean, Ramprasad Potai College of Agriculture & Research Station, Kanker and Dr. M.C. Bhambri, Professor (Agronomy), College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) for providing technical guidance and financial support to carry out this research work.

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