Seasonal incidence and population dynamics of major insect pests infesting okra (Abelmoschusesculentus L.)

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), also known as lady's finger, is a widely cultivated vegetable in tropical countries, particularly in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Cameroon, Iraq, and Ghana. Although it is not commonly grown in Europe and North America, the vegetable has gained popularity in these regions due to its high nutritional value, including significant amounts of Vitamin A, folic acid, carbohydrates, phosphorus, and magnesium. The present investigation entitled “Seasonal Incidence and Management of Major Insect Pests of Okra” was carried out during the Kharif 2024 season at the Department of Entomology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The study was designed to assess the seasonal incidence patterns of major insect pests infesting okra, the experiment included non-replicated observational trials for pest incidence monitoring Parbhani kranti variety, grown on a 10 X 10 m plot under the practices weekly observations of sucking pests populations on randomly selected plants were correlated with weather data. Seasonal pest monitoringrevealed that Aphis gossypii (aphid), Amrasca biguttula biguttula (leafhopper), Bemisia tabaci (whitefly), Thrips tabaci (thrips), Tetranychus urticae (mite), and Earias vittella (okra shoot and fruit borer) were the predominant insect pests observed. Aphid populations reached it’s peak 29.4 aphids per three leaves in the 40th meteorological week (MW), while leafhoppers showed a maximum count of 19.5 in the 37th MW. Whitefly and thrips populations reached their highest in the 33rd and 31st MWs respectively. Mite infestations shows it peakin the 37th MW, and Earias vittella damage reached it’s highest 27.4% fruit infestation in the 35th MW.

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Introduction

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), also known as lady's finger, is a widely cultivated vegetable in tropical countries, particularly in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Cameroon, Iraq, and Ghana. Okra, being a short-duration crop, is harvested quickly, allowing farmers to grow multiple crops per year and generate more income per unit area. In India, okra is grown year-round, and in 2022-23, the country cultivated okra across 554.5 thousand ha, producing over 6 million metric tons, with a productivity rate of 12.0 metric tons per ha. Maharashtra alone accounted for 13.98 thousand hectares and 139.40 thousand metric tons of production. There are many reasons which attributed for low productivity, among which attack of insect pest is major reason. Okra attracts a large number of insect pests including leafhoppers, Amrasca devastans. and Amrasca biguttula, aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glov.) cutworm, Agrotis spp. and mite Tetranychus sp. Among insect pests, aphids especially A.gossypii is considered as a one of the most important pest of okra. Sucking pests such as leafhoppers cause upward curling of leaf tips and margins, leading to necrotic patches and hopper burn. Aphids and whiteflies, in both nymph and adult stages, extract sap from plant tissues, thereby reducing plant vigor and photosynthetic capacity. Whiteflies also act as vectors for viral diseases such as okra yellow vein mosaic. Additionally, the red spider mite is a serious pest that causes webbing, stippling, leaf yellowing, defoliation, and even plant death (Helle and Sabelis, 1985) [19] . Heavy infestations of these pests during early crop stages significantly impair photosynthesis and weaken plants, resulting in stunted growth and reduced yield. The crop is also severely affected by shoot and fruit borers such as Earias vittella (Fabricius) and Earias insulana (Boisd).

In the early stages, larvae bore into shoot tips, causing withering and drying of the apical shoots. At later stages, they infest flower buds and flowers, leading to their shedding. Eventually, they invade developing fruits, rendering them unsuitable for consumption or seed production, thereby causing direct economic losses. Many pests attacking okra are also common to cotton, and much of the research on these pests has been conducted in cotton ecosystems. Therefore, it is recommended that okra should not be cultivated near cotton fields to minimize pest pressure (Butani and Verma, 1976) [20] .

Material and Method

The present investigation was conducted at the research farm, Departmentof Entomology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani during the kharif season of 2024. The site selected was uniform with medium black cotton soil having fairly good drainage. Seeds were sown by dibbling methods. Weeding and other intercultural procedures were carried out when needed. The sowing was done in the morning session before sunlight heads up. Spacing of 60 x 45 cm five plants were randomly selected from each quadrant for recording observations. The observations of aphids, leafhopper, thrips whitefliesand mite were recorded at weekly interval from three leaves (each from top, middle and bottom canopy) on five randomly selected plants from each quadrant. The data pertaining to population dynamics were correlated with weather parameters.

Result and Discussion

The data pertaining seasonal incidence and population dynamics of major insect pests infesting okra during kharif 2024 presented in Table 1.

Date and Month	SMW	Population of sucking pest 3 leaves/plant	—	—	—	—	Damage (%)
		Aphid	Leafhopper	Whitefly	Thrips	Mite	Earias vittella
2 - 8 July	27	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
9 -15 July	28	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
16-22 July	29	7.21	3.80	2.11	3.40	0.30	0.00
23- 29 July	30	9.30	5.43	3.30	6.43	1.40	0.00
30 Jul - 5 Aug	31	17.30	19.45	11.50	15.70	2.20	12.20
6 - 12 Aug	32	21.50	17.20	9.10	14.40	2.60	15.70
13 - 19 Aug	33	29.40	15.20	11.70	13.20	2.40	19.80
20 - 26 Aug	34	3.80	2.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	22.20
27 Aug - 2 Sep	35	2.10	1.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	27.4
3 - 9 Sep	36	10.80	11.80	5.50	9.70	7.66	25.60
10 - 16 Sep	37	17.50	19.50	8.40	15.70	9.30	26.40
17 - 23 Sep	38	11.10	9.12	7.23	8.70	5.90	23.40
24 - 30 Sep	39	13.50	11.30	8.10	10.40	6.30	24.60
1 - 7 Oct	40	18.40	15.40	6.48	14.30	7.32	21.20
8 - 14 Oct	41	13.50	11.50	8.40	9.40	7.55	19.40

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Aphids, (Aphis gossypii Glover)

The data on population of A. gossypii per three leaves on okra revealed that the population of aphids ranged between 0.0 to 29.4. The incidence of aphids started from 29 th MW (7.21) with first (29.4), second (21.5) and third peak (18.4) in 32 th, 33 th , and 40 th MW respectively. The present results are in close conformity with the earlier work carried out by Ghuge et al., (2020) [8] suggested that the incidence of aphids started in 29 th SMW and attained peak population during 32 nd SMW (45.5 aphids/3 leaves). Aarwe et al., (2016) [1] recorded aphid activity from 31 st SMW to 41 st SMW. Siddartha et al., (2017) [15] indicated that during Kharif 2015, the incidence of aphids commenced from second week of July (28 th standard metrological week), which rapidly increased and attained its peak on 31 st SMW (last week of July) with a mean population density of 6.20 aphids per leaf. Bisen et al., observed that the incidence of aphids on okra during early crop growth i.e., 16 days after crop emergence (29MW) and continued till harvest of the crop. The highest population of aphids was recorded in 37MW (11.98 aphids/ 3 leaves).

Leafhopper,(Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla Ishida)

The data on population of leafhopper A. biguttula biguttula per three leaves on okra revealed that the population of leafhopper ranged between 0.0 to 19.50. The incidence of leafhopper started from 29 th MW (3.8) with first (19.4), second (17.2) and third peak (19.5) in 31 th , 32 th and 37 th MW, respectively.

The present findings are in accordance with the earlier work carried out by Yadav et al., (2009) [21] , who revealed incidence of leafhopper from August to October. Lal et al., (2020) [22] found incidence of leafhopper from the first week of August in 2019 (32 nd SMW) up to the maturity of the crop. Suman Saxena., (2022) [17] revealed incidence of A. biguttula biguttula from 30 th SMW to 41 st SMW. Anitha and Nandihalli (2008) [24] suggested leafhopper population on Kharif crop started appearing from the first week of August and peak leafhopper population was noticed during the last (19.43 leafhoppers per 3 leaves) week of October. Meena et al., (2010) [25] observed the incidence of leafhopper (2.0 and 2.4 leafhopper/plant) started in first week of August and was being active till harvesting in both the years, its population reached at maximum (15.2 and 16.4 leafhopper/plant) in fourth and third week of September in 2002 and 2003. Bhatt and Karnatak, (2018) [26] indicated the first incidence of leafhopper (1.31 leafhopper/ 3 leaves) from 34 th MW lasted up to 43 rd MW.

Thrips, (Thrips tabaci Lindeman)

The data on population of thrips, T. tabaci per three leaves on okra revealed that the population range of 0.0 to 15.7. Incidence began in 29th MW (3.4), with the first peak of 15.7 recorded during 31st MW, and a second peak of 15.7 in 37 th MW. These findings align with Ghuge et al. (2020) [8] , who observed thrips population increases from late July with peak activity in August continued up to mid of September on okra. Thrips tabaci are known to infest okra under Kharif season, with incidence starting in July and peak periods often falling between the 31 st and 33 rd SMW.

Whiteflies, (Bemisia tabaciGennadius)

The data on population of whitefly, B. tabaci per three leaves on okra revealed that the population of whitefly ranged between 0.0 to 11.7. The incidence of whitefly started from 29 st MW (2.11) with first (11.5) and second peak (11.7) in 31 th and 33 th MW, respectively. The present findings are accordance with Nagar et al., (2017), who observed that the incidence of whiteflies began in the second week of August and reached it's peak in the third week of September (33 th SMW). Ghuge et al., (2020) [8] suggested the peak population of whiteflies during 33 th SMW. Anitha and Nandihalli (2008) [24] found whitefly population on Kharif okra crop from the first week of August 2006. Chundawat and Ameta (2011) [27] indicated incidence of Bemisia tabaci.(Gennadius) initiated in the fourth week of July and touched the peak during first week of September (6.9 whiteflies/ten plants). Balpande and Saxena (2019) [4] observed whitefly occurrence between second week of August and third week of October with peak in 38 th MW (7.4 whitefly/ plant). Bisen et al., (2020) [5] revealed maximum whiteflies count at 39 th MW i.e. third week of September.

Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)

The data on mite population per three leaves on okra indicated a population range of 0.0 to 9.3. Mite presence was first recorded in 29 th MW (0.3), with peak population of 9.3 during 37 th MW. The present findings are accordance with Vadher et al. (2024) [28] reported initial mite incidence at the 36 th [29] found mite activity starting in July and peaking in September-October on okra. Studies by Geroh and colleagues (2010) [30] also noted two peak incidences of mites on okra first in early June and second in early August which correlate with the seasonal temperature humidity patterns observed in our study. , (2016) [1] who indicated initial infestation of shoot and fruit borer during 35 th SMW. Choudhary and Sharma (2020) [6] observed infestation of shoot and fruit borer from 35 th SMW to 43 rd SMW. Also, Akhila et al., (2019) [2] also found infestation of shoot and fruit borer from 35 th SMW to 44 th SMW. Naik and Kumar (2014) [31] revealed that the occurrence of shoot and fruit borer commenced from 33rdstandard meteorological week (third week of August). Meena et al., (2010) [25] revealed shoot borer infestation occurred from the first week of August until the harvesting of the crop, which gradually increased from 1.0 and 0.66 per cent during the initial stages to 23.0 and 25.0 per cent on the third week of October in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Nenavati and Kumar (2014) [32] observed occurrence of shoot and fruit borer commenced from 33 rd SMW (August third week) with an average population of infestation 2.4 per cent and gradually reached its peak level of infestation 45.7 per cent at 41 standard week (October second week) after that declined trend was observed as temperature decreased.

Shoot and fruit borer (Earias vitella

Bisen et al., (2020) [5] found highest fruit damage at 39 th MW (35.68 percent damage) followed by 38 th MW (34.67%) with overall average 31.43 per cent fruit damage during the season.

Studies on simple correlation between major pests of okra in relation to weather parameters during 2024

The data pertaining to population of major insect pests of okra were correlated with weather parameters viz., rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, and wind speed. From this dataStudies on simple correlation between major pests of okra in relation to weather parameters during Kharif 2024.

Aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover):

The correlation analysis of aphid population per three leaves with weather parameters revealed that negative significant correlation with rainfall (r = -0.570*) and wind speed shows negative significant (r = -0.673**), indicating that increased rainfall and wind speed suppress aphid abundance. All other parameters, including maximum temperature (r = 0.209) shows positive nonsignificant and, minimum temperature also shows positive non-significant (r = 0.061), and morning humidity were found positive non-significant (0.105), while evening relative humidity has negative non-significant corelation (-0.305). These findings align with the results of Vanlalduhi et al.

(2017) [33] , who reported non-significant correlations between aphid population and temperature/humidity, but observed negative influence from rainfall. Wahengbam et al. (2018) [18] similarly noted a decline in aphid population with increased rainfall and high wind speed. Rajveer et al.

(2018) [18] found that rainfall interrupted aphid activity and significantly reduced their numbers. Moreover, Sevak Das et al. (2011) [34] observed that relative humidity had a significant influence on aphid population in summer okra, particularly in the hot semi-arid zone of Gujarat. Lal et al. (2020) [22] also reported that aphid population increased with temperature but declined sharply during windy or rainy conditions.

Leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida)

Leafhopper population showed a negative significant correlation with rainfall (r = -0.614*) and wind speed also shows negative significant (r = -0.545*), whereas maximum temprature were found (0.219) positive non-significant and minimum temperature was (-0.175) negative non-significant and morning humidity were found (-0.006) negative nonsignificant while evening humidity shows (-0.445) negative nonsignificant. This suggests that high rainfall and wind play a key role in reducing leafhopper infestation. These findings are consistent with Patel et al. (2015) and Lal et al. (2020) [22] , who reported that leafhopper population declines significantly during periods of intense rainfall and strong wind. Vanlalduhi et al. (2017) [33] found that rainfall adversely affects leafhopper oviposition and feeding behavior.

Further support comes from Sevak Das et al. (2011) [34] , who observed that leafhopper population was significantly correlated with maximum temperature, showing increased activity under warmer conditions. This implies that while rainfall reduces leafhopper numbers, temperature may promote their activity during dry spells.

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius):

Whitefly population exhibited a negative significant correlation with rainfall (r = -0.590*) and wind speed (r = -0.614*), while maximum temperature were found (0.234) positive non-significant and minimum temprature shows (-0.033) negative nonsignificant.Morning humidity effects were negative nonsignificant (-0.011) while evening humidity were found positive non-significant (0.363). The results indicate that rainfall and high wind can suppress whitefly incidence by affecting their flight and egg-laying behavior. Singh et al. (2016) reported similar findings, highlighting the detrimental effect of rainfall and wind on whitefly population on okra. Lal et al. (2020) [22] also showed a negative correlation between whitefly and rainfall, particularly during monsoon spells. Additionally, Sevak Das et al. (2011) [34] concluded that whitefly population was positively influenced by temperature but negatively impacted by rainfall and evening humidity. These observations confirm that while whiteflies thrive in warm climates, excessive rain and wind are major suppressive forces.

Thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman): Thrips showed a positive significant correlation with rainfall (r = 0.644**) suggesting that rainfall may favor thrips build-up, possibly due to enhanced host plant growth. Wind speed were found negative significant (-0.553) evening humidity also showed a positive non-significant association (r = 0.436), while morning humidity were found negative non-significant (-0.017) other parameters like maximum temperature were found positive non-significant (0.211) and wind speed were found negative significant (-0.553). This trend supports the findings of Wahengbam et al. (2018) [18] , who observed higher thrips incidence under conditions of moderate rainfall and relative humidity. However, Vanlalduhi et al. (2017) [33] reported contrasting findings, noting a negative relationship between rainfall and thrips incidence, which may be attributed to regional climatic variability.

A recent study by Anitha et al. (2023) [24] published in MDPI emphasized that thrips infestation is favored in warm, moderately humid conditions and tends to increase after light rains, particularly on flowering and fruiting crops. These findings highlight the complex interaction between rainfall, humidity, and thrips abundance.

Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch): Mite population was found to be positive significant correlated with maximum temperature (r = 0.624*) and negative significant correlated with minimum temperature (r = -0.891*). Morning humidity were found negative non-significant (-0.304) while evening humidity also shows negative non-significant (-0.167) All other weather parameters including rainfall were found positive non-significant and wind speed had positive nonsignificant effects (0.311). These findings suggest that mites prefer hot and dry environments, especially when day temperatures are high and nights remain cooler. Singh et al.

(2016) also reported that spider mites increase in number during hot, dry periods. Lal et al. (2020) [22] documented similar correlations, confirming that maximum temperature plays a crucial role in mite outbreaks. Supporting this, Sevak Das et al. (2011) [34] observed that mite populations in summer okra increased sharply with rising maximum temperature, particularly when rainfall was low. A recent study by Ali et al. (2023) (MDPI journal) on cotton pests also reported a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature (r = -0.715, p<0.01), reinforcing our observation that low night temperatures limit mite development while high day temperatures promote their multiplication.

Fruit and Shoot Borer (Earias vitella Fabricius)

The correlation analysis between weather parameters and Earias vitella (okra fruit and shoot borer) revealed that the percent fruit infestation had a negative non-significant correlation with rainfall (r = -0.511) and wind speed were found negative significant (r = -0.603), indicating that higher rainfall and strong wind conditions suppress the infestation level. Other parameters, including maximum temperature was found negative non-significant (r = -0.226), while minimum temperature were found positive nonsignificant (r = 0.156), morning relative humidity indicated negative non-significant (r = -0.337), and evening relative humidity were found positive non-significant (r = 0.081NS). This suggests that rainfall and wind are the dominant abiotic factors affecting the fruit borer incidence by limiting the pest's oviposition activity and larval establishment. The nonsignificant effect of temperature and humidity may be due to fluctuating environmental conditions during the crop season. The findings are supported by the work of Tiwari et al.

(2016) [35] , who reported reduced Earias vitella infestation during periods of heavy rainfall. Similarly, Jat et al. (2020) [36] observed a decline in percent fruit infestation with increasing wind velocity and rainfall in arid regions. Kumar et al. (2017) [10] also noted that while temperature did not show a significant influence, rainfall remained a key factor in regulating the pest population. Additionally, Vanlalduhi et al. (2017) [33] concluded that erratic rainfall and wind speed led to a significant reduction in infestation intensity by interfering with the insect's biological activity.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementThe authors thank Department of Entomology, college of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (MS) for providing facilities.

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Seasonal incidence of aphid on okra

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Seasonal incidence of leafhopper on okra

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Seasonal incidence of whitefly on okra

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Seasonal incidence of thrips on okra

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Seasonal incidence of mite on okra

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Percent of fruit damage of okra fruit and shoot borer

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Pest	Temperature	—	Humidity	—	Rainfall (mm)	Wind Speed Km/hr
	Max	Min.	AM	PM
Aphid	0.209NS	0.061NS	0.105NS	-0.305NS	-0.570*	-0.673**
Leafhopper	0.219NS	-0.175NS	-0.006NS	-0.445NS	-0.614*	-0.545*
Whitefly	0.234NS	-0.033NS	-0.011NS	0.363NS	-0.590*	-0.614*
Thrips	0.211NS	-0.133NS	-0.017NS	0.436NS	0.644**	-0.553*
Mite	0.624*	-0.891**	-0.304NS	-0.167NS	0.376NS	0.311NS
Earias vittella	-0.226NS	0.156NS	-0.337NS	0.081NS	-0.511NS	-0.603*

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Correlation between insect pests of okra with weather parameters

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