Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and yield attributes of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Introduction

Linseed or flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), commonly known as Alsi, Jawas and Aksebija in Indian languages (Anonymous, 2000) [1] , belongs to the family Linaceae and is one of the oldest Rabi oilseed crops cultivated in central India. It is grown in more than 30 countries either as an oilseed or fibre crop, with fibre obtained from the stem and oil extracted from the seeds (Vaisey-Genser et al., 2003) [19] . Linseed seeds contain about 41% oil, 20% protein and 28% dietary fibre and are particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), which accounts for 55-60% of total fatty acids (Morris, 2005; Bozan & Temelli, 2008) [11,5] . Due to its health-promoting properties, including protective effects against cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, linseed oil is increasingly used as a functional food (Herchi et al., 2011) [9] . Globally, linseed is recognized as an important oilseed and fibre crop (Bainade et al., 2019) [3] , and its fibre is stronger than cotton (Taylor, 2012) [17] . In Madhya Pradesh, linseed occupied about 52 thousand hectares during rabi 2020 with productivity of 867 kg ha⁻¹, whereas in India it covered 179 thousand hectares with average productivity of 671 kg ha⁻¹ (Anonymous, 2021) [2] . The low productivity levels in the country do not reduce its economic significance which is a major contributor to the low productivity in the country due to poor and unbalanced management of nutrients (Verma et al., 2005) [21] . The Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) as a complex of chemical and organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and organic manures, is regarded as a necessary measure to maintain the crop yields and the soil fertility (Sharma and Saroa, 2017) [14] . Nitrogen plays a vital role in plant metabolism, growth and yield formation (Kumar et al., 2000), while biofertilizers such as Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) enhance nutrient availability and may reduce phosphorus fertilizer requirement by up to 50% without yield reduction (Yazdani et al., 2009) [22] . Organic compounds such as vermicompost do not only provide macro-and micronutrients but also enhance the microbial activity in soil, the processes of water retention, and humification (Sinha et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2021) [15,12] . Thus, combination of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients is very essential to promote the effectiveness of nutrient utilization and maintain the health of the soil and growth and production of linseed in intensive cultivation systems (Gawai and Pawar, 2006) [6] .

Materials and Methods

Experimental site

The field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season at Agronomy Research Farm, Sardar Patel University, located at Balaghat (M.P.). The district extends from 21°19' to 22°24' north latitude and 79°31' to 81°3' east longitude at an altitude of 498.77 m from mean sea level (MSL) in Madhya Pradesh. The average annual rainfall varies from 1000 to 1200 mm concentrated mostly from June to September. Before sowing, composite soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, and available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅), and potassium (K₂O) using standard procedures.

Experimental Details

The experimental crop was Linseed and Variety JL-66 developed at JNKVV and released in 2010. It matures in 107-114 days, short in height with white flowers and seeds are light brown in colour. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. A total of 8 plots were maintained during the study. Each plot measured 4.25 m × 3.25 m. The distance maintained between plots was 0.50 m and between replications was 1.0 m to avoid inter-plot interference.

Crop Management Practices

The field was prepared by thorough ploughing followed by harrowing and leveling to obtain a fine tilth. The recommended dose of fertilizers was applied at the rate of 50 kg ha -1 N, 40 kg ha -1 P2O5, 20 kg ha -1 and K2O and apply 1 tonn ha -1 vermicompost. The full dose of phosphorus and potassium along with half of nitrogen was applied as basal dose at the time of planting. The remaining half of nitrogen was top-dressed at 30 days after sowing. Before sowing the seeds were treated with a liquid formulation of PSB & Rhizobium japonicum @ 20 gm per kg seed. Irrigation was provided at regular intervals depending on soil moisture status and crop requirement. Standard plant protection measures were adopted to control pests and diseases as and when required. Weed management was carried out manually to maintain a weed-free environment.

Statistical analysis

The experimental data was analyzed by the Fisher method of analysis of variance. Critical differences were calculated at probability of 5% wherever F values was significant.

Results and Discussion

Plant Height

The Table 2 and Figure 1 data showed that plant height of linseed significantly increased with all the growth stages that were subjected to integrated nutrient management measures. The highest plant height (19.87 cm) at 30 DAS was also highest in T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) which was significantly higher than the control (11.00 cm). The same superiority in combined application of RDF and biofertilizer was also observed by Gudadhe et al. (2005) [7] in mustard where the inoculation of Azotobacter and PSB with RDF in enhancing early vegetative growth was reported to increase the height of the plant. T5 showed better values at 60 DAS and 90 DAS (41.23 cm and 51.27 cm respectively), and this is supported by the results of Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] , who indicated an important improvement in the height of plants with 100% RDF + FYM + biofertilizers. T5 gave the maximum value of the plant height of 56.83 cm at harvest, then T4 (54.77 cm) and T3 (54.30 cm), and the control (49.03 cm) gave the lowest value. The observation of positive response of linseed to combination of nutrient application compares with the findings of Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] who have observed that there is a significant increase in height of the plant with increase in nitrogen in linseed. Similarly, Lawania et al. (2015) [10] reported improved growth characteristics when nitrogen, sulphur and biofertilizers were used together in linseed. Out of reduced fertilizer treatments, T8 (75% RDF + vermicompost +PSB + Rhizobium) was better than 75% RDF treatments, which is agreeable to Bera et al. (2014) [4] and Hadiyal et al. (2017) [8] , who noted that interaction of organic manure with biofertilizer enhances vegetative growth in terms of microbial activity and nutrient mobilization. The enhanced plant height in the nutrient management conditioned by the improved interaction between inorganic fertilizers with biofertilizers may be justified by the fact that inorganic and biofertilizers promote improved chlorophyll formation, protein synthesis, and cell lengthening. This is the message Sood et al.

(2020) [16] conveyed as they concluded that the growth parameters and accumulation of dry matter in the presence of integrated nutrient supply eventually led to high crop performance in linseed. Consequently, the current results have a clear indication that the combination of 100 percent RDF and the use of 100 percent biofertilizers in inoculating the plants are capable of significantly improving plant height when compared to the use of single application of fertilizers or lower application of fertilizers.

Number of Branches plant⁻¹

The results provided in Table 2 and Figure 2 also showed that the number of branches per 1 of plant was significantly affected by integrated nutrient management treatments at all the growth stages. The most high number of branches was observed at T8

(75 percent RDF + vermicompost + PSB + Rhizobium) (2.61), which was a significantly better control (1.55). The initial increase in number of branches with integrated nutrient supply is in line with Gudadhe et al. (2005) [7] who also have increased number of the branches in mustard upon inoculating Azotobacter and PSB with RDF together. But after 60 DAS, T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) showed the definite superiority as they registered 6.02, 7.07 and 7.11 branches at 60, 90 and harvest respectively which were so different compared to control (4.88, 5.96 and 6.07). Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] found similar improvement in branches plant -1 with integrated nutrient management and explained this increase as the higher nutrient availability and enhanced vegetative growth as a result of RDF + FYM + biofertilizers. The betterment of T0 compared to sole RDF (T2) is an indication of the extra value added to the growth of lateral growth by the biofertilizers. This observation supports the results of Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] , who indicated that the higher the level of nitrogen was, the greater the vegetative development and yield components in linseed. Similarly, Lawania et al. (2015) [10] have also reported a substantial enhancement in the branching and yield characteristics of linseed when nitrogen and biofertilizers are used jointly. In addition, Sood et al. (2020) [16] highlighted that a combined nutrient provision enhances the production and yield of characteristics of dry matter that are associated with plants yields like branches plant -1 in linseed. The increased branching may be explained by the balanced supply of nutrients, the better growth of roots, the increased photosynthetic efficiency and improved assimilate partitioning to lateral buds. Conversely, low levels of branching could be a result of the lack of nutrients to facilitate vegetative growth. Therefore, it is evident that the current results revealed that the combination of RDF and PSB and Rhizobium, especially at T5, enhanced the branching of linseed significantly when applied alone or diluted.

The data presented in Table 2 and depicted in Figure 3 revealed that dry weight of linseed increased progressively from 30 DAS to harvest under all integrated nutrient management treatments.

The peak of dry weight (0.19 g plant minus 1 g plant -1 ) was observed at T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) which was better than control (0.14 g plant -1 ). This positive response of early growth of dry matter under integrated nutrient application is consistent with the observations made by Gudadhe et al.

(2005) [7] who concluded that production of the dry matter is increased as a result of combined use of RDF and biofertilizers.

We found that at 60 DAS, T5 was the only sample that had maximum dry weight (3.63 g plant -1 ), with T4 coming in close (3.58 g plant -1 ), and control registering the lowest (2.80 g plant - 1 ) level. Also comparable increase in biomass accumulation was observed when integrated nutrient management was used in the studies given by Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] and was attributed to the availability of balanced nutrients and increased vegetative development. T5 showed its superiority at 90 DAS and at harvest with 7.95 and 8.27 g plant -1 dry weight, respectively, significantly higher than control (6.84 and 7.10 g plant -1 ). The increased dry matter T5 could be as a result of synergistic activity of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers which leads to better fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorus and increased uptake efficiency of nutrients. This finding supports the research of Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] where the authors indicated that the accumulation of biomass in linseed grew with the increase in nitrogen concentration. Similarly, Lawania et al.

(2015) [10] found that the use of nitrogen and biofertilizers together in linseed led to a great improvement in the characteristics of dry matter and yield. Of the diluted treatments of fertilizer, T8 (75% RDF + vermicompost + PSB + Rhizobium) had a relatively higher case of dry weight (7.73 g of plant at harvest) as compared to T8 and T9 which meant that vermicompost was advantageous in enhancing the soil microbial activity and nutrient mineralization. This observation is confirmed by Hadiyal et al. (2017) [8] , Sood et al. (2020) [16] , who clarified that integrated nutrient management increases the production of the dry matter by improving the health of the soil and the availability of nutrients.

Number of Capsules plant⁻¹

The data presented in Table 3 and illustrated in Figure 4 revealed that the number of capsules plant⁻¹ was significantly influenced by integrated nutrient management treatments. Among the treatment T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) had the highest number of capsule plant -1 (79.81), which was far much better than control (65.37). T5 being better than sole RDF (T2, 73.18) shows the extra advantage of dual biofertilizer inoculation and recommend fertilizer dose. Enhancement in capsules plant -1 was also seen in more or less the same way; Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] found that yield components of linseed were increased significantly with the increase in nitrogen concentration applied. Similarly, Lawania et al. (2015) [10] showed increased capsules per plant at the use of combined nitrogen and biofertilizers in linseed. T₄ (100% RDF + Rhizobium) had a record of 78.44 capsules plant -1 and was statistically equivalent to T5, respectively indicating that the biological fixation of nitrogen played a significant role in reproductive development. This observation is in agreement with results of Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] who showed improved siliquae plant -1 in RDF with the use of organic and biofertilizer sources. The treatment with 75% RDF percentage and the use of vermicompost and biofertilizers (T6, T7 and T8) also showed moderate numbers of capsules (72.59, 72.40 and 73.14) having significant value when compared to the control but lower than the integrated treatment of 100 percent RDF. Several other studies also reported similar trends by noting the presence of improved yield attributes with combined use of biofertilizer as reported by Bera et al. (2014) [4] , and also known as integrated nutrient management as reported by Sood et al. (2020) [16] , which has been observed to improve yield contributing characters in linseed. The higher quantity of capsules in the treatments under integrated conditions could be explained by the better nutrient supply during the critical period of reproductive activity, higher photosynthetic activity and more appropriate distribution of assimilates to the reproductive organs. Nitrogen stimulates vegetative development and flower development, whereas phosphorus also has a major role in transfer of energy and reproductive processes. Biofertilizers also increase the mobility of the nutrients and the ability to absorb the nutrients leading to better capsule formation.

Number of Seeds capsule⁻¹

The statistics of Table 3 and Figure 4 revealed that integrated nutrient management treatments had a significant effect on the number of seeds capsule⁻¹. Seed capsule⁻¹ was greatest in T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) which was significantly better than control (6.10). The growth under T5 was also more than even sole RDF (T2: 8.50), which means that there is an added advantage by using biofertilizer twice. Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] also found a comparable situation with seeds per capsule when nitrogen was supplied to seeds integrated which showed a significant increase in yield components of linseed as the nitrogen level increased. Similarly, Lawania et al. (2015) [10] reported an increase in seeds capsule⁻¹ in the case of integrated use of biofertilizers and nitrogen in linseed. Of all the RDFbased treatments, 100% RDF + Rhizobium (T4) registered 8.73 seeds capsule⁻¹ and was statistically comparable to T5, which underlines the critical role of biological nitrogen fixation in the development of the reproductive organs. This observation agrees with Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] , who indicated high number of seeds per siliqua in cases of combined use of fertilizer and biofertilizer. Treatments that were dotted with 75% RDF and biofertilizers (T6, 7 and T8) rendered moderate values (7.87, 7.83 and 8.46), which were greater than control but less than 100 percent RDF-based integrated treatments. Bera et al. (2014) [4] also found some similar tendencies in their research and found that seed set improves with the inoculation of biofertilizer and Sood et al. (2020) [16] , who also note that integrated nutrient management produces more yield in its characters of linseed. Hence, it is evident in the current results that 100% RDF with PSB and Rhizobium has a considerable effect of improving number of seeds capsule⁻¹ in linseed relative to single or less application of fertilizer.

The results represented in Table 3 and depicted in Figure 5 indicated that test weight of linseed was significantly affected by various integrated nutrient management treatments. T under T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobacter) produced the highest test weight (7.80 g) and was significantly better than control (6.17 g). The growth of test weight at T5 was as well greater than singular RDF (T2: 7.37 g) and indicates the extra benefit of dual biofertilizer inoculation and the suggested dose of fertilizer. The same improvement in test weight was found by Lawania et al.

(2015) [10] , who recorded a considerable increase in yield characteristics such as seed weight when nitrogen and biofertilizers were used in the integrated application in linseed. Of all the RDF based treatments T XIV (100% RDF + Rhizobium) had a 7.67 g test weight and was similar to T5 indicating the relevance of biological nitrogen fixation in seed development. This result concurs with the report by Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] which indicated a weight gain of the kernel with an increase in nitrogen levels. Median treatments of 75% RDF and biofertilizers (T6, T7 and T8) also gave moderate values (7.33 7.73 g), which were also good at control even though slightly lower than full RDF integrated treatments. Tripathi et al.

(2011) [18] also indicated similar observations by having higher weight of 1000 seeds at the end of integrated nutrient application in mustard. This increase in test weight in integrated treatments could be due to the availability of nutrients at the stage of seed filling and the increase of photosynthetic efficiency and translocation of assimilates to maturing seeds. Nitrogen is an important element in the formation of proteins and in filling of the seeds whereas phosphorus is involved in the transfer of energy needed in the development of grain. Biofertilizers also increase the efficiency of nutrient uptake leading to an improved seed growth and test weight. Sood et al. (2020) [16] also corroborated the current results by documenting that integrated nutrient management had a considerable effect on seed weight and total yield in linseed.

The figures in Table 3 and the graph in Figure 5 showed that there were numerically significant differences between seed yield per one treated with integrated nutrient management. The maximum seed yield plant -1 (5.48 g) and T4 (5.25 g) and T3 (4.84 g) were found respectively, and the minimum yield was found in control (2.46 g). Even though these differences are not statistically significant, the numerical existence of the superiority of T5 compared to sole RDF (T2: 4.58 g) indicates that dual biofertilizer inoculation combined with the recommended dose of fertilizer affects it positively. Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] also observed a similar pattern of increased seed yield in case of increased application of nitrogen where they found that the seed yield of linseed increased with increased application of nitrogen. The relative better yield at T5 could be blamed to have better yield characteristics like number of capsules plant -1 , number of seeds capsule -1 and test weight at the same treatment. The results are consistent with another study by Lawania et al. (2015) [10] , who have found that there were notable improvements in seed yield of the linseed in cases where nitrogen and biofertilizers were used in combination. Similarly, Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] found an increase in seed yield when the combined management of nutrients RDF and biofertilizers was employed. Treatments that received 75% RDF as well as the use of vermicompost and biofertilizers (T6, T7 and T8) yielded moderate levels (4.19, 4.27 and 4.78 g) which showed that organic and biologically produced fertilizers partly replaced reduced chemical fertilizer. It is possible that the enhancement of seed yield with integrated treatments can be explained by availability of balanced nutrients, the increase of nutrient uptake efficiency and redistribution of assimilates to reproductive organs. Nitrogen encourages vegetative growth and reproductive development and phosphorus encourages energy transfer and seed formation. Biofertilizers also play the role of fixing nitrogen and solubilizing phosphorus which enhances general crop performance. Sood et al. (2020) [16] also reported similar perceptions and pointed out that integrated nutrient management improved the yield performance of linseed by improving the growth and yield contributing characters. Therefore, the integrated use of RDF and PSB and Rhizobium (T5) had the best numeric seed yield plant -1 in comparison to the rest of the treatments, albeit non-statistically significant.

The results in Table 3 and Figure 6 showed that there was a significant effect on seed yield of linseed by integrated nutrient management treatments. The maximum seed production (1350 kg ha -1 ) was obtained with T5 (100% RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) and significantly high than with control (903 kg ha -1 ). The growth percentage in T5 was approximately 49.5 percent as compared to control which means the positive response of linseed to combined nutrient supply is strong. The excellent performance of T5 compared to a single application of RDF (T2: 1203 kg ha -1 ) is a clear indication of the added value of dual biofertilizer inoculation. Similar increase in the seed yield of linseed was documented by Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] who found out that an increase in the level of nitrogen resulted in an increase in seed yield. Of the 100% treatment based on RDF, T₄ (100% RDF + Rhizobium) was found to be 1243 kg ha -1 , whereas T3 (1230 kg ha -1 ) was greater than the RDF alone, which had a negative role to play. These findings correspond to Lawania et al. (2015) [10] , who found higher seed yield with the application of both nitrogen and biofertilizers in linseed. On the same note, Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] noted that seed yield was improved with integrated nutrient management using RDF and biofertilizer. Out of the 75% RDF treatments, T8 (1290 kg ha -1 ) showed better performance as compared to T6 and T7, indicating that vermicompost with dual biofertilizers might partially replace the lower dose of chemical fertilizer. Similar results were obtained by Verma and Yadav (2017) [20] who emphasized that a combination of inorganic fertilizers with vermicompost and biofertilizers was highly productive in terms of rainfed linseed. The increased seed yield in the case of integrated treatments could be explained by the improved growth parameters, the increase in the number of capsules per plant -1 , the increase in the seeds capsule -1 and in the test weight in cases of the same treatments. Even distribution of nutrients in the vegetative and reproductive stages increases the photosynthetic efficiency, assimilation partitioning and seed filling. Biofertilizers also help in biological fixation of nitrogen and increased mobilization of nutrients that results in better utilisation of nutrients. A comparable conclusion was made by Sood et al. (2020) [16] who have found that the integrated nutrient management enhanced yield and nutrient uptake in linseed significantly.

The data presented in Table 3 and illustrated in Figure 6 revealed that straw yield of linseed was markedly influenced by integrated nutrient management treatments. The highest straw production (2697 kg ha -1 ) was obtained at T5 (100 percent RDF + PSB + Rhizobium) which was significantly more than control (2063 kg ha -1 ). The growth under T5 was approximately 30.7 percent better than control which means that vegetative biomass growth is increased by combined nutrient provision. The fact that T5 is greater than solitary RDF (T2: 2530 kg ha -1 ) indicates the added advantage of the use of dual biofertilizer inoculation in enhancing vegetative development. Rahimi et al. (2011) [13] also reported a similar increase in the yield of straw under integrated nutrient management, noting that with an increase in the application of nitrogen levels, biomass yield in linseed also increased. T4 (2567 kg ha -1 ) and T3 (2563 kg ha -1 ) were also found to induce more straw output than RDF alone among the 100% RDF-based treatments, which showed the beneficial effect of Rhizobium and PSB on vegetative growth. These results fit Lawania et al. (2015) [10] who have found that the use of nitrogen and biofertilizer combined resulted in a significant increase in the yield attributes and biomass during the growing of linseed. In the same way, Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] found that stover yield was high in the integrated nutrient management practices. TUMC-T8 (2633 kg ha -1 ) had a better performance as compared to T6 and T7, and thus it might be argued that vermicompost and dual biofertilizers may partially offset the lowered chemical fertilizer levels. Verma and Yadav (2017) [20] also reported similar findings, as they recorded an improved biomass production when inorganic fertilizers, vermicompost and biofertilizers were used together in linseed-based systems.

The data presented in Table 3 [13] also reported a comparable improvement in harvest index when using combined nutrient supply, which showed better yield components and economic yield of linseed at increased levels of nitrogen. The excellence of T5 compared to single RDF (T2: 32.19) implies the positive impact of dual biofertilizer inoculation on enhancing the use of nutrients and assimilate translocation to seeds. This observation is consistent with Lawania et al. (2015) [10] who cited a great advance in yield attributes and seed yield with the concomitant use of nitrogen and biofertilizers in linseed. Similarly, Tripathi et al. (2011) [18] found increased yield performance and effective nutrient utilization with integrated practices of nutrient nutritional management. Out of the lower fertilizer regimes, T8 had a relatively higher harvest index (32.87) than T6 and T5, and it was found that vermicompost and biofertilizers complemented nutrient balance and source sink relationship even at lower level of RDF.

Conclusion

According to the outcomes of the experiment, one can conclude that integrated nutrient management significantly enhanced the growth, yield properties and productivity of linseed. The culture T -100% of RDF + PSB + Rhizobium was observed to be performing better on most parameters. It had the highest harvest height (56.83 cm), the highest number of branches of the plant per 1 (7.11), the highest dry weight (8.27 g plant -1 ), the greatest number of capsules per plant (79.81), the greatest number of seeds per cap (8.80), and the greatest test weight (7.80 g). Therefore, T5 gave maximum seed yield plant -1 (5.48 g), maximum seed yield (1350 kg ha -1 ), maximum straw yield (2697 kg ha -1 ), and high harvest index (33.36%), whereas the control given 903 kg kg ha -1 seed yield and 30.46% harvest index. Even though the lower fertilizer treatment T8 (75% RDF + vermicompost + PSB + Rhizobium) was also doing well by registering 1290 kg ha -1 seed yield and harvest index of 32.87%, it was still marginally lower compared to T5. The lowest values of the growth and yield parameters were always observed in the control treatment which confirmed that it is necessary to have balanced nutrient application. Therefore, the combination of recommended dose of fertilizers with dual biofertilizer inoculation (PSB + Rhizobium) was the most effective in optimal vegetation growth, yield characteristics, biomass and total productivity of linseed under the current agro-climatic conditions.

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