Food security and climate change vulnerability: A multidimensional approach

Abstract

Food security in South Asia remains highly vulnerable due to persistent socioeconomic constraints and increasing climate variability. Although global food production is sufficient, food insecurity continues to be determined mainly by limited access, particularly in developing regions where agriculture is highly climate dependent. This study examines food security vulnerability in South Asian countries using a multidimensional Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index (HCVI), which combines climatic, environmental, agricultural, infrastructural, and socioeconomic indicators. Secondary data were collected from the World Bank, CMIP6 climate datasets, and other international sources for the period 1976-2023. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to derive weights for indicators related to exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indicators were normalized, and a composite vulnerability index was constructed using an additive approach. The results show substantial differences in vulnerability across countries. Afghanistan and Pakistan exhibit high vulnerability due to greater exposure and weak adaptive capacity, whereas Bhutan and Maldives show low vulnerability, supported by better environmental conditions and stronger adaptive capacity. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening adaptive capacity through improvements in human capital, infrastructure, and inclusive economic growth to enhance food security resilience. The study offers policy-relevant evidence for climate-resilient agricultural planning and regional food security strategies in South Asia.