Antimicrobial resistance in dairy systems: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global threats to animal and public health. Dairy production systems represent a significant interface where antimicrobial use, bacterial adaptation, and environmental dissemination converge. Antimicrobials are widely used in dairy cattle for therapeutic, prophylactic, and metaphylactic purposes, particularly for mastitis, reproductive disorders, and calf diseases. Continuous exposure of microorganisms to these agents has accelerated the selection and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. This review critically examines the occurrence, drivers, and mechanisms of AMR in dairy systems, explores its implications for animal productivity, food safety, and public health, and discusses current and emerging strategies for surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and sustainable disease control. Adoption of a One Health approach is emphasized as essential for addressing AMR in dairy production.