Climate resilience technologies in agriculture: A review towards sustainable food systems

Abstract

Climate change is a big problem for farming around the world. It causes temperatures to change more often, rainfall to be less predictable, and more frequent extreme weather events like droughts and floods. These changes hurt how much food is produced, affect the income of farmers, and make it harder to have enough food for everyone. At the same time, farming itself is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Because of this, there has been a growing focus on Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), which is a complete approach that helps make farming systems more sustainable, able to handle climate changes, and lower in emissions. Climate-Smart Agriculture tries to increase farming output and farmer income in a lasting way, help farming systems better deal with climate challenges, and reduce or cut down on greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible. This chapter gives a full picture of what Climate-Smart Agriculture is, the key ideas behind it, and how it is used. It looks at the main principles of CSA, such as improving productivity, building resilience, and cutting emissions. It also highlights the important role of new digital tools like artificial intelligence, sensors, drones, digital twins, and blockchain in making farming more efficient, helping farmers make smart decisions based on data, and better managing risks from climate change.