Stem cells in dentistry: A comprehensive review of sources, clinical applications, biomaterials, and future challenges

Abstract

Introduction: Research into stem cells and regeneration in dentistry allows for the development of biological therapies that replace conventional invasive treatments, reduce long-term costs, and improve patients quality of life through the regeneration of dental and bone tissue. Objective: To analyze the literature on Stem Cells and Regeneration in Dentistry, particularly on a) Sources of Stem Cells in Dentistry, b) Potential Clinical Applications, c) Biomaterials and Scaffolds, and d) Challenges and Future Projections. Methodology: A search was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using the keywords “Stem Cells in Dentistry,” “Biomaterials,” “Scaffolds,” and “Dental Pulp Regeneration”. Results: Dental stem cells (from pulp, ligament, and dental follicle) are multipotent and essential for the regeneration of dental, periodontal, and bone tissues. In clinical practice, Dental Pulp Stem cells (DPSCs) help regenerate pulp and bone, while Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) and Dental Follicle Stem cells (DFSCs) repair ligaments and alveolar bone. The use of biomaterials such as hydrogels, nanostructures, and controlled release systems improves regeneration. However, ethical, regulatory, and standardization challenges remain, as does the risk of uncontrolled differentiation, which requires control and responsible application. Conclusion: Dental stem cells represent a promising tool for oral tissue regeneration, offering new therapeutic possibilities in dentistry. However, their clinical application requires greater standardization, biological control, and ethical regulation to ensure safe and effective treatments.