Effect of phosphorus and sulphur on growth and yield of linseed (Linum usitatissiumum L.)

Introduction

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most important oil seed crops in India. It is self-pollinating flax crop include linen, linum, and tisi. India ranks first in terms of area under linseed cultivation and third in production in world. It is primarily cultivated worldwide for its multifunctional oil and fiber. Flax, also known as Linum Linseed, is a valuable crop with a wide range of uses. It is an annual herbaceous plant that belongs to the Linaceae family. According to Chaurasiya et al. (2024) [2] , flax seeds are known to contain chemical compounds with particular biological activity and functional properties, including soluble dietary fibers, lignins, proteins, carbohydrates, and the omega-3 family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). They also have the ability to hold water and fat, as well as to be thermally stable, emulsifying, and to have an electrostatic charge density. 40 percent fat, 20 percent protein, 28 percent total dietary fiber, 7.7 percent moisture, and 3.4% ashthe mineral-rich residue left over when samples are burned-are all present. The protein composition of the seed decreases as its oil concentration increases. With an annual production of 403 kg/ha and a total production of 2.12 lakh tons, linseed is cultivated on 5.25 lakh hectares in India (Singh et al. 2022) [14,15] . Linseed is grown on 5.25 lakh ha in India, with a total production of 2.12 lakh tones and an annual production of 403 kg/ha (Singh et al. 2022) [14,15] . The climate conditions that are ideal for growth are those that are characterized as being moderate and cold throughout the year. The temperature ranges that are the lowest and highest are 10 degrees Celsius and 38 degrees Celsius, respectively. It is therefore the principal growth season for linseed, which occurs during the months of October and November, depending on the amount of soil moisture. By planting the crop at an earlier stage, it is possible to prevent the spread of diseases such as rust, linseed bud fly, and powdery mildew in various areas. The maturation of the crop might take anywhere from 110 to 120 days, depending on the variety. It is detrimental to both productivity and quality if there is a drought and very high temperatures during the early and seed filling phases Singh et al. (2022) [14, 15] . Phosphorus are required in the early phases of cell division, and the first general indication is weak, slowed growth. Some plants have dark to blue-green hue on their older leaves as a result of phosphorus's relative mobility, which allows it to be moved to areas of new growth. [9] . According to experimental data, the two most important plant nutrients that are typically deficient in Indian soil are phosphorous and Sulphur. Because phosphorus is comparatively mobile in plants, it can be transported to areas where new development is occurring. As a result, older leaves of certain plants may exhibit signs of dark to blue-green hue. Additionally, Sulphur is linked to oilseed quality and blooming. Among other nutrients, phosphorus and Sulphur are crucial for enhancing the quantity and quality of linseed Jimo et al. (2017) [5] . Due to the low phosphorus and Sulphur content of the soil, a significant portion of the planted area linseed needs fertilizer to produce a satisfactory crop. Phosphorus promotes the growth and development of roots in seedlings. It also encourages the growth of seeds and fruit. Sulphur encourages vegetative development and is a component of chlorophyll. The synthesis of certain amino acids and oils requires Sulphur was reported by Singh et al. (2022) [14,15] . [3] and Mohan et al. (2024) [8] and Prayagraj has subtropical and semiarid climatic conditions, with both extremes of temperature, i.e. summer and winter. It would be hot which commences in the month of February and with draws by the end of October. The meteorological data including the weekly average of the maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall recorded at the Agro-meteorological Observatory unit, School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, SHUATS, during the cropping period.

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussions Growth parameter

The data of growth parameter are presented in Table 1.

show Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur on growth and Yield of Linseed. the application of (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) in T 7 resulted the higher plant height (51.63 cm) was observed at 80 DAS. On the other hand, T 9 (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 25 kg/ha Sulphur) had the lowest plant height (45.83 cm). [9] . The application of (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) in T 7 resulted the highest plant dry weight (3.52 g) was observed at 80 DAS and T 1 (Phosphorus 25 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) had the lowest plant dry weight (3.12 g). Plant dry weight increased significantly due to excess growth and development of plant which may be the result of growthpromoting hormones of hormones like abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA), and impacts stomatal behaviour and root development in phosphorus that increase the activation of cell division and cell elongation in the axillary buds. Sulphur help in chlorophyll formation and encourages vegetative plant growth. It also increases root growth. It is necessary for the synthesis of vitamins, proteins, and chlorophyll. One of the primary causes of the Sulphur deficiency in Indian soils is the use of fertilizers devoid of Sulphur reported by Singh et al. (2022) [14,15] and Kushwaha et al. (2019) [7] .

Yield attributes

The data presented in Table 2 Sowed the result related to yield-attributing characters. The application of (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) in T 7 produced the highest number of Capsules/plant (30.88), which was statistically comparable to treatments 4, 6, 8, and 9. T 7 (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along 15 kg/ha Sulphur) was found to have a significantly higher number of seeds/ Capsules (8.11), while treatment 8 and 9 was found to be statistically equivalent to treatment 7 (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur). However, the application of Phosphorus 45 kg/ha and Sulphur 15 kg/ha resulted in a considerably greater test weight (9.61 g) that was statistically equivalent to other treatments. It might be due to the fact that P and S found to be increased the photosynthates, which accumulated into seeds consequently increasing test weight. Sulphur is closely associated with seed containing constituents such as greater accumulation of sulphur containing amino acids, higher synthesis of proteins and glucosides, related to the higher test weight of seeds (Singh et al. 2007 and Singh et al. 2022) [14,15] . Sulphur applied topically had a major impact on Linseed. It is necessary for the synthesis of vitamins, proteins, and chlorophyll and increases in growth, development and yield, including test weight, number of seeds per Capsules, and number of capsules per plant. It increases in flowering reproduction stage for formation of capsules in plant which increase the seed quality and quantity Kumar et al. (2018) [6] Grain yield According to the statistical data in Table 2, The application of (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) had the significantly highest grain yield (945.82 kg/ha), which was statistically comparable to treatments (3, 5, 8 and 9)

with highest T 7 (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) respectively. The activation of cell division and cell elongation in the axillary buds, which promotes an increased number of Capsules, seeds, and grain yield, may be the result of growth-promoting hormones present in Phosphorus. It might be due to the fact that P and S found to be increased the photosynthates, which accumulated into seeds consequently increasing test weight. Sulphur is closely associated with seed containing constituents such as greater accumulation of sulphur containing amino acids, higher synthesis of proteins and glucosides, related to the higher test weight of seeds. The application can lead to significant improvements in plant growth, yield components, and overall grain production. It's important to assess soil nutrient levels and consult with agricultural experts to determine the appropriate fertilization strategies for specific crops and growing conditions. (Kumar et al. 2018 and Parmar et al. 2020) [6,10] .

Stover yield

According to the results in Table 2, the application of (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) in T 7 resulted in a substantially higher stover yield (1560.67 kg/ha), while all other treatments were found to be statistically equivalent to the highest. The stover output increased significantly after Phosphorus along with Sulphur were applied this could be because of better growth in terms of plant height, seedling emergence, and dry matter buildup, all of which increase photosynthetic efficiency. Superior vegetative development results from increased photosynthetic accumulation in vegetative components, which raises stover production. Phosphorus boosts growth and development capacity and produces growth-promoting hormones like IAA, trace elements, vitamins, amino acids, antibiotics, and micronutrients it's essential for the synthesis and function of several key plant hormones Kumar et al. (2018) [6] and Rahil et al. (2021) [11] Harvest index Data presented in table 2 showed that the highest harvest index (45.87%) was recorded with the application of (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with 15 kg/ha Sulphur) in T 7 which was statistically at par to all treatments.

Economics

With the application of Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with Sulphur 15 kg/ha, T 7 demonstrated the highest Maximum gross return (INR 95030.92/ha), net return (INR 64952.92/ha) and B:C ratio (2.16) were also recorded in T 7 (Phosphorus 45 kg/ha + Sulphur 15 kg/ha). These findings may be the consequence of increased grain and stover yields in the same treatment as a result of improved nutrient availability by Phosphorus and improved micronutrient use by Sulphur, which produced noticeably higher results (Anonymous 2010) [1] .

Conclusion

On the basis of one year experimentation, it concludes that with the application of Phosphorus 45 kg/ha along with Sulphur 15 kg/ha performed better in growth and yield of Greengram has recorded highest test weight, grain yield, stover yield, net return and benefit cost ratio and as well as economically profitable.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementI am grateful to my advisor and chairman as well as all of the faculty members of Department of Agronomy, NAI for their unwavering support and advice throughout the entire experimental research study.

References

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