Cost benefit analysis and management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guene) using bio-pesticides in Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh

Introduction

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetables in South Asia which accounts for almost fifty percent of the world's area under cultivation and also popular in some parts of Africa and Central America (Harish et al., 2011) [3] In 2023, India is estimated to have raised 12.61 million metric tons of brinjal from more than 760,000 hectares of agricultural land. This represented a minor decline from the previous year. India is the second-biggest producer of brinjal in the world, after China. The average yield of brinjal in India is 20-30 tons per hectare for a particular season and variety. Brinjal being a hardy crop, grows well in dry areas with limited irrigation and during the off-season. It's also a moderate source of vitamins and minerals. (NHB 2023). Unripe fruits are used primarily as vegetable in the country due to its nutritive value, as fruits are consisting of minerals like iron, phosphorous, calcium and vitamins like A, B and C, (Singh et al., 1963) [7] . It has been reported as Ayurvedic medicine for curing te diabetes. In addition it is used as a good appetizer, good aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, laxative and reliever of inflammation. Brinjal plants are very much susceptible to insect pests attack right from seedling stage to final harvesting stage. Brinjal is attacked by 53 species of insect pests of which 8 are considered as major pests causing enormous damage to crop in every season in every year (Chakraborti and Sarkar, 2011) [1] . In brinjal cultivation, there are several constraints, which are responsible for reduction in yield amongst them, insect pests are one of the most important factor. It has been reported that this crop is damaged by one hundred forty (140) species of insect pests at different stages of the crop growth. Among the insect-pests infesting brinjal, the major ones are brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), Epilachna beetle, Henosepilacha vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) and red spider mite, Tetranychus macfurlanei (Baker and Pritchard) of these, L. orbonalis is considered the main constraint as it damages the crop throughout the year. It is known to damage shoot and fruit of brinjal in all stages of its growth. The yield loss due to the insect-pests is to the extent of 70-92 percent (Eswara Reddy and Srinivas, 2004) [2] . The shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is the most destructive pest of brinjal at both vegetative and reproductive stages of almost all regions of India causing significant reduction in the yield by 40-80 percent. After hatching, the young larvae bore into the petioles/growing shoots/flower buds/fruits and close the bore holes with frass, after entering in them. The larvae feed inside the midrib/flowers and in the pulp of fruit. The damaged shoots and flowers drop down. The large one or more round exit holes are visible on the fruits. Affected fruits get rotten from inside and such fruits lose their market value (Jyoti Raina and Yadhav, 2018) [4] . Brinjal contains potassium, an important mineral, which plays a key role in maintaining electrolyte in the body. Thus help in neutralizing the effects of sodium in the entire human body and thus aiding in blood pressure control. Brinjal shoot and fruit borer is regarded as one of the most destructive pest attacking brinjal at every stage of its development (Sangma CD, Simon S, 2019) [6] . The purpose of this experiment was to identify the best course of action of selected bio-pesticides application on the evident of recommended doses. Hence the study of evaluation of cost benefit analysis was planned, on brinjal (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee). During Kharif season which will derive out a conclusion and certainly be helpful for progressive brinjal cultivation in Bundelkhand region. (Vishal Sarsaiya, 2020) [8]

Material and Methods

The present field experiment was conduct at Organic Research Farm Kargua ji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P) during kharif season of 2023 It is situated at 78˚ 36'47'' E Longitude and 25˚ 27'2''N Latitude and is about 178.36 m above mean sea level. Transplanting of brinjal variety DEV-KIRAN (614) was done in well prepared experimental field in the first week of July, plots size 1.80 × 2.40 m 2 keeping row to row and plant to plant distance of 60 cm and 45 cm, respectively. The details of material used and methodology adopted during the present investigation are given below: Net plot size -1.8 × 2.40 m 2 Gross plot size -2 × 2.60 m 2 Field size -19 × 9.2 m 2 Season -Kharif (2023)

Method of recording observation

Brinjal crop was monitored regularly for recording occurrence of shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee). on five randomly selected plants per plot and thereby for management of pest on ETL basis. Pretreatment observation was taken one day before treatment and post treatment observations were taken on 3 rd , 7 th and 14 th days after each treatment. The incidence of shoot and fruit borer was recorded on regular basis to know the ETL. Spray of bio-pesticides was done when the shoot/fruit damage reached/ crossed 5% in any one of treatments. Percent shoot and fruit infestation was worked out by using following formula. The cost benefit ratio was determined for each treatment by using the following formula.

Number of infested shoots

Value of saved yield over control (Rs/ha) Cost: benefit ratio = Total cost of plant protection (Rs/ha) Total cost of protection included cost of test materials and chemicals + labour charge + sprayer charge.

Results and Discussion

Tha data presented in table-01. All treatments were significantly superior over control. The data on the percent of infestation In the series of shoot infestation, the efficacy of treatments on first spray showed that the minimum shoot infestation mean was 7.47,6.20, and 5.50 percent was recorded in Bt. @ 2 kg/ha treated plot at 3 rd , 7 th and 14 th days after spraying respectively followed by Beauveria bassiana 2.0 kg/ha ( ), all the treatments were found effective and significantly superior over the control at 3 rd , 7 th , and 14 th days after spraying respectively. In the series of fruit infestation, the efficacy of treatments on third spray showed that the minimum fruit infestation after spray was recorded in Bt. 2 kg/ha treated plot i.e8.43, 5.97 and 5.33 percent fruit infestation followed by Beauveria bassiana 2.0 kg/ha (9.03, 6.73 and 6.00)< NSKE 5% (9.43, 7.77 and 7.03) < Neem oil 5% (11.00, 8.53 and 7.70) < Metarizium anisoplae 10% (11.97, 8.70 and 7.77) < Verticillium lecanii 2.0 kg/ha (12.17, 9.40 and 8.27) < Castor oil 5% (13.00, 10.53 and 9.63) < Karanj oil 10% (14.90, 12.77 and 11.80) compared to control (27.19, 28.33 and 30.23), all the treatments were found effective and significantly superior over the control at 3 rd , 7 th , and 14 th days after spraying respectively. The data on yield amongst the treatment were significant as depicted in table -02. The yields among the treatment were significant. The highest yield was recorded in T 4 Bacillus thuringiensis (243.60 q/ha) which followed by T 8 Beauveria bassiana (233.15 q/ha), T 7 NSKE (217.43 q/ha), T 1 Neem oil (207.40 q/ha), T 2 Metarrhizium anisoplae. (202.50 q/ha), T 3 Verticillium lecanii (192.30 q/ha), T 5 Castor oil (186.50 q/ha), and T 6 Karanj oil (173.65 q/ha) as compare to T 9 (110 q/ha). When cost benefit ratio was worked out, good result was achieved. Among the treatment studied, the best and most economical treatment was T 4 Bacillus thuringiensis

(1:3.21), followed by T 2 (1:3.12), T

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementsIt is my great privilege and immense pleasure in availing this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to major advisor Prof. B. Gangwar and co-guide Dr. Pradeep Kumar whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this research work and make it full proof success, his suggestions and his instructions has served major contribution.

References

1. Chakraborti S, Sarkar PK. Management of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee on eggplant during the kharif season in India. Journal of Plant Protection Research. 2011;51(4):325-328.
2. Reddy ESG, Srinivasa. Management of shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) in brinjal using botanicals/oils. Pestology. 2004;28:50-52.
3. Harish DK, Agasimani AK, Imamsaheb SJ, Satish PS. Growth and yield parameters in brinjal as influenced by organic nutrient management and plant protection conditions. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2011;2(2):221-225.
4. Raina J, Yadav GS. Brinjal shoot and fruit borer: Bioecology and management. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(4):444-449.
5. Spong PE, Buahim. Studies on the insect pest of eggplant, Solanum melongena Linn. in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Série A. 1977;39(3):627-641.
6. Sangma CD, Simon S, Nagar S. Pest control practices for the management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2019;8(3):42214223.
7. Sarsaiya V, Gangwar B, Kumar P, Ahirwar GK, Patel AK, Singh H. Management of eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2020;8(5):640-642.