Phytochemical and pharmacological perspectives of Phyllanthus amarus: An updated review

Abstract

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Is widely used in traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani for hepatic, renal, and metabolic disorders. The plant contains diverse bioactive constituents including lignans (phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin), flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids that contribute to its hepatoprotective, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Recent scientific investigations have elucidated mechanisms such as modulation of oxidative stress pathways, enhancement of antioxidant enzymes, and inhibition of viral polymerases. However, clinical translation remains limited due to variations in phytochemical composition, extraction methods, and lack of standardisation. This review consolidates updated evidence (2015-2025) on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, clinical potential, and pharmaceutical applications of P. Amarus, while highlighting formulation challenges and future research directions essential for its development into a validated phytopharmaceutical.