Marginalization, mobility, and livelihood: An empirical study of Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes in Jammu and Kashmir

Abstract

This empirical study explores the socio-economic status, livelihood strategies, and development challenges of the Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes in Jammu and Kashmir. Using mixed methods—household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews—across Rajouri and Anantnag districts, the study highlights persistent marginalization amid gradual transitions from nomadism to sedentarization. While government interventions have aimed to uplift these Scheduled Tribes, structural exclusion, mobility-linked disconnection, and weak policy execution continue to hinder inclusive development. The study recommends policy innovations tailored to nomadic realities and calls.