The role of evaluation smart agriculture technology to improve climate changes management in Salah al-Din Governorate

Introduction

Increasing in an awareness to environmental is changing a highlight its significance, makes it crucial that face it's many effects. Those effects current challenges throughout different areas; especially in agricultural. Applying proactive approaches can reduction these difficulties, encouraging more secure food ecological regionally and worldwide, a key approach to control climate change is via advanced agrarian operations. The chief role in these variations is ascribed to modern innovations, which present numerous methods such as smart agriculture; effecting many farming extension areas (Al-Hafidh, 2019) [4] . Water lack in Iraq has deteriorated over the periods; with per person water share reducing from 5,000 m³ in 1980 to under 1,000 m³ after 2020, primarily due to initiatives by riverside states in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins. (Najam & Khalaf, 2025) [29] , this emphasizes the pressing requirement for adaptive farming innovations like smart agriculture to enhance resource utilization and environmentally sound; especially in drought-prone areas like Salah al-Din province. Those ecological & economic challenges lead to requirement of effective agricultural. This due to an increasing nutrition demand, land-dwelling degradation, land degradation; dryness, & fluctuating precipitation endangering global nutrition security (Noori et al., 2024) [30] . The innovations enhancement the output and support eco-friendly source management; chiefly of Salah al-Din, under rising ecological stresses, climate change had been lead to severe dryness; inundations, and extreme heat events endangering agriculture & food safety (Yusuf et al., 2025) [37] , in vulnerable area as Salah al Din; adaptive innovations been promptly need, smart farming can reduction the hazards by improved sources controlling & evidence-based results. Climate smart agriculture C.S.A.: aiming to enrich adaptability to farming frameworks those to funding food safety via incorporation adaptation requirements & balances for decrease in the enduring agriculture improvement policies (Lipper et al., 2014) [23] . Explanation of Climate_Smart agriculture stresses a need to develop agriculture structure in tackle growing difficulties Climate Change contributions, Smart agriculture have increased wide recognition by administrations, local & universal institutions, public society and private area. Recent international & local organizations been creating models for stakeholder involvement and collaboration (Zecca, 2019) [38] . To emphasize the significance to Climate-Smart agricultural & focus to international researching on these domain, figure 1 (barasa et al., 2021) [11] depicts most commonly appearing key terms in relevant global publications. Intensity of connection among ideas as: Climate Change agriculture; food safety; corn; & adaptation as well as demonstrates complex nature of it topic. www.extensionjournal.com [31] . As systematic approach for handling agriculture during climate change (Kalhory et al., 2024) [19] . Every effort assists in equipping staff with essential information and expertise; therefore, understanding and practice and evaluation needs are critical in all domains overseen through subsequent activities (Al-Hafidh et al., 2020) [5] within numerous progressing nations, farming often forms for over 30% of total national output (World Bank, 2019) [36] . Hence, the domain has substantial capacity to influence the attainment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, because of its extensive societal and financial and ecological effects (FAO, 2019) [13] . Numerous fields intersect alongside the farming sector (Wiek et al., 2011) [35] . Profiting through community's increasing attention on social and ecological sustainability is generally shown in public and non-public domain pledges to these areas; we should improve cooperation & interaction among study organizations and extension initiatives that depend on organized local directives instead of unorganized regulations (Al-Hafdh, 2019). Agriculture advisory institution be accountable of organization accountable of qualifying of a negative effects the climate change in agriculture. This organization is essential in encouraging ecologically sound agriculture approaches & ensuring essential elements obtainability (Al _Taiy et al., 2020) [8] . The farming extension activities is a crucial factor that sustains farming growth by improving economic productivity via practice, training, and knowledge sharing (Hussein and Mohammad, 2023) [17] . Previous researches show agrarian extension programs considerably influence farmers' adoption of modern innovations; acting as motivators that speed up implementation levels and regulate change in farming (Mume, 2021) [27] . Trial at Kirkuk presented that white aborigines yielded double the amount as dark items. However, farmers there generally do not cultivate white aubergines (Mohammed and Mahmood, 2022) [26] . Within location-targeted agriculture, extension workers are essential in connecting the divide among modern techniques and field needs; especially in resource-limited regions such as Salah al-Din Governorate. In the current scenario, agrarian extension is vital as Iraq adopts smart agriculture to confront natural assets and climate issues. Extension programs necessity to adjust via providing applied advice and practical guidance. Creating governmental bodies, along with new degree holders enhance their competencies, is essential for agrarian development (Kalhoriy et al., 2024). So; reinforcing agriculture extension institution & equipping staff correlated of instruments also data been vital of improving smart in area like Salah al-Din; where is conservational challenges & administrative deficiencies occur. Agrarian extension's main duty should include disseminating study findings and methods to farmers and instruction them in the implementation of effective extension and communication speed acceptance of the new concepts as well as techniques; that comes from inherent diffusion among people (Al-Hafidh, 2019) [4] . Thus, Agrarian Extension Agency's aims are to enhance the cultivated area via enhancing agriculturalists' competencies and knowledge (Ashwaq & Saadoun, 2019) [10] . Its duty emphases on disseminating knowledge, expertise, and ideas while encouraging farming innovations. Moreover, it makes accessible the findings of agrarian study, mainly concerning climate change, by targeted actions and initiatives tailored for farmers (Jihad & Ridh, 2017) [18] . Climate Smart agriculture is gaining acknowledgment as a strategy for adjusting agricultural practices in response to changing climate conditions while also implementing reduction measures. Climate Smart agriculture has achieved acknowledgment from state authorities and institutions. A conceptual diagram (Barasa et al., 2021) [11] illustrates in figure 2. a review of studies of primary terms associated with these topics, indicating they global study scope. [39] and contributing to the decrease also remove (Greenhouses Gas) GHG gas releases since agricultural sector, forest management, fishery sector, and aquaculture (FAO, 2017) [12] , climate smart agriculture increases output, enhances agriculturalists' flexibility & resilience, & enhances farm output during altering weather stressors. (Habtewold; 2021) [15] , Agreements in a rural regions be vital aimed at modern agriculture, they improving livelihoods to small group farmers worldwide through assisting him bypass marketplace obstacles & market produces international. Furthermore, also support new agricultural methods to increase crop & financial stability (Adah et al., 2024) [2] . Climate smart agricultural including numerous innovations, operations, & support intended to reduce the intended of climate change on farming (Khatri-Chhetri et al., 2020) [20] . These measures vary start from minor modifications in cultivation practices to complete reforms of farming schemes tailored for certain climatic patterns. Climate smart agriculture boosts adaptability and output by lowering greenhouse gas emissions per unit of output (Teklewold et al., 2019) [33] . The three stable foundations_ output, flexibility; and mitigation form the core for securing food security and supporting sustainable advancement (Makate et al., 2019) [24] . One of the characteristics of climate change is that it impacts the capacity and productivity of the soil, and its impacts appearing on the earth in an accumulation of the strata, maker it dense & dominated through argillaceous minerals; clay structures compress strata; that hinder vegetative source growth (Alfaris et al., 2025) [9] ; one of an appropriate approaches & experiments that to prevent climate change, through aiming which effort integrated increases environmental viability & output (Sadam et al., 2025) [32] . Must taking into account the close linkage among climate Smart cultivation & Sustainable progress Aims, assessing the climate smart agriculture's effect on enduring Progress Aims crucial to assist choice authorities grasp the complementarities and potential compromises related to climate-smart farming funding. Applying climate-smart cultivation chief elements influences numerous Sustainable Development Aims in different modes, often requiring compromises via representatives. That emphasizing a significance of an accurate & thorough models to evaluate & track climate smart agriculture effect on a Sustainable Progress aims (FAO, 2019) [13] . Multiple innovation had been evaluated for this effectiveness & effect at attaining climate Smart farming aims. figure 3. (Khatri_Chhetri et al., 2019) [21] demonstrations digital indicator founded on stakeholder evaluations, highlighting best efficient intrusions. www.extensionjournal.com Evaluation is vital for enhancing farming methods; farmers regard it a very essential factor of their work; but they frequently face difficulties like a lack of time and restricted funding for thorough monitoring and evaluation (Mume, 2021) [27] . Therefore; this research was conducted to evaluate adaptive farming techniques to improve reactions to climate change via past; current, and forthcoming farming models, the primary goal of this research is to examine and evaluate the impact of climate-smart agricultural innovations on agricultural risk management and climate change mitigation, precisely within the Salah Al Din Governorate, Iraq. This study evaluates the effect of climate smart agriculture innovations on the agricultural risk management and their role in reducing impact of weather change at Salah al-Din Provence; to achieve these necessitates, backed by our objectives: relevant, appropriately relevant, not highly relevant, not very highly relevant) Each choice is assigned values [5,4,3,2,1] [7] highlighting of need diverse by studies programs to reinforce optional services unceasingly, these efforts should be explicitly address agricultural operation deemed national importance; necessitating of a change the conventional practices that aren't longer than. A significant difference were observed to use different information source; it illustrated that all of methods employed by employees proved very useful. The information had been categorized and performed using this test: Z _Scores that to Minimize measurement inaccuracies, it sorted in three classes; first one " Great " holds value above +1 next " Middle " comprises value ranged from -1 to +1 as well as third "Little" included value below -1 as presented in figure 1, " Great " Category indicating of high performance. At any way since evaluation the climate_smart technology been vital for enhancing users' competencies & awareness about smart agricultural technology (see Figure 4) 3, and it was related factors follow to the metrics described by Mean, consistent with results of the previous researches; including reference (Kifle, 2021) [22] that compares with various many norms & data-gathering methods, in additionally to this study agreement with study which conducted by Al-Hafidh & Laftah (Al-Hafidh & Ahmed,2023) [7] showing several areas pertinent of evaluating also enhancing the smart Innovations, the conclusion obtained in this study recommended with that most of relevant evaluation criteria & corresponding elements has been properly matched at all the implementation of intellectual farming within Iraq's cultivated systems; although with restricted effectiveness [1,25] also contrasts with study hypothesis, this difference may be attributed to acquiring of a new identifications resulting to development the new understandings; that through different phases of the change; increased their awareness regardless of increase in the academic credentials these results are inconsistent with putted suggested hypothesis. Through duration of the service in the position, personnel distribution been carried out based on categorization middle period it was at ratio with 48.71% following then classification showed that a small fraction of 28.20% while employment period in the office roles was ratio 23.07% the shortest period was in the two yearly periods; whereas maximum of it was 36 yearly cycles, Mean lease noted Mean (15.35) standard deviation (7.67); furthermore to evaluate the function of climate -Smart technology showed a negligible variances experiential at 5% significance level, determined using Kruskal Wallis tool, calculated h value was (0.25) result showed difference among instances (ainembabazi & mugisha, 2014) [3] and (wang et al., 2022) [34] consistent by hypothesis proposed of this study. [16] but; aligns with research hypotheses

Research

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgmentsAuthors of this research gratefully acknowledge these assistance of the Directorate of Agriculture of Salah al-Din province & Agricultural Extension Centre in enhancing quality of these effort.

References

1. Abd Elsalam MF, Elnagar MF. Measuring adoption, farmers of good agricultural practices in Assuit Governorate. Al-Azhar J Agric Res. 2021;46(1):178187. doi:10.21608/ajar.2021.218474
2. Adah CO, Raji SA, Shaibu U, Oluyomi MS. Analyzing the adoption of improved production technologies among cassava contract and non-contract farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. Tikrit J Agric Sci. 2024;24(3):161181. doi:10.25130/tjas.24.3.14
3. Ainembabazi JH, Mugisha J. The role of farming experience on the adoption of agricultural technologies: Evidence from smallholder farmers in Uganda. J Dev Stud. 2014;50(5):666-679. doi:10.1080/00220388.2013.874556
4. Al-Hafidh A. Evaluation of the training course carried out by ICARDA in the conservation agriculture for some agricultural employees in the northern regionIraq. Tikrit J Agric Sci. 2019;19(1):18-29. doi:10.25130/tjas.19.1.2
5. Al-Hafidh AZ, Mal Alla LL, Abd Al Qader S, Husain AH. The knowledge level of employees working in Nineveh Agriculture Directorate with the viral diseases of Solanaceae family. Diyala Agric Sci J. 2020;12(1). doi:10.52951/DASJ.20120107
6. Al-Hafidh AZY, Lafta AH. Suggestion patron to diffusion evaluation the fodder agricultural technologies in Ninevah Province. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2023;1259(1):012136. doi:10.1088/17551315/1259/1/012136
7. Al-Hafidh AZ, Lafta AH. Evaluation of the diffusion results of the Azolla fodder crop in Nineveh Governorate. In: International Conference on Environment and Sustainability. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. p. 359-369. doi:10.1007/978-3-03157054-4_26
8. Al-Taiy HK, Al-Salhi ATH, Al-Mashadani ALJ. Development extension service to meeting the requirements of buffalo breeders in Iraq. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2020;51(1):432-442.
9. Alfaris MA, Abdulla AA, Ramadhan MN. Evaluation of the performance of developed combined plowing machine under different operation circumstances. Tikrit J Agric Sci. 2025. doi:10.25130/tjas.25.1.2
10. Ashwaq AR, Saadoun HQ. The role of the agricultural initiative and the supporting devices in developing palm groves in the governorates of Diwaniyah and Muthanna. Iraqi Agric Sci J. 2019;50(4).
11. Barasa PM, Botai CM, Botai JO, Mabhaudhi T. A review of climate-smart agriculture research and applications in Africa. Agronomy. 2021;11(6):1255. doi:10.3390/agronomy11061255
12. FAO. Overview: Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. 2017. Available from: http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculturesourcebook/en
13. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Climate-smart agriculture and the Sustainable Development Goals: Mapping interlinkages, synergies and trade-offs, and guidelines for integrated implementation. Rome: FAO; 2019.
14. FAO. Agriculture: Key to achieving in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Rome: FAO; 2016.
15. Habtewold TM. Impact of climate-smart agricultural technology on multidimensional poverty in rural Ethiopia. J Integr Agric. 2021;20(4):1021-1041. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63637-7
16. Hassan MEA, Asran GSA. Dissemination and adoption of climate-smart agriculture among farmers in a village of Giza Governorate. Menoufia J Agric Econ Soc Sci. 2022;7(12):231-258. doi:10.21608/mjabes.2022.370796
17. Hussein EA, Mohammad KA. Diffusion of agricultural ideas through the website of the agricultural extension and training department on the social networking "YouTube". IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. www.extensionjournal.com 2023;1158(9):092003. doi:10.1088/17551315/1158/9/092003
18. Jihad IS, Ridh BA. The reality of some specialized tasks of human resources management in agricultural extension system in middle region provinces of Iraq. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2017;48(1):310.
19. Kalhory DA, Hasan TML, Sakinaa MO. The attitude of full-time extension workers towards supervising the work of private agricultural projects in Sulaymani Governorate. Anbar J Agric Sci. 2024;22(1):28-40. doi:10.32649/ajas.2024.183694
20. Khatri-Chhetri A, Regmi PP, Chanana N, Aggarwal PK. Potential of climate-smart agriculture in reducing women farmers' drudgery in high climatic risk areas. Clim Change. 2020;158(1):29-42. doi:10.1007/s10584018-2350-8
21. Khatri-Chhetri A, Pant A, Aggarwal PK, Vasireddy VV, Yadav A. Stakeholder prioritization of climatesmart agriculture interventions: Evaluation of a framework. Agric Syst. 2019;174:23-31. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.03.009
22. Kifle T. Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices and its implications to food security in Siyadebrina Wayu District, Ethiopia. Afr J Agric Res. 2021;17(1):92-103. doi:10.5897/AJAR2020.15100
23. Lipper L, Thornton P, Campbell BM, et al. Climatesmart agriculture for food security. Nat Clim Change. 2014;4:1068-1072. doi:10.1038/nclimate2437
24. Makate C, Makate M, Mutenje M, Mango N, Siziba S. Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa. Environ Dev. 2019;32:100458. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2019.100458
25. Mizik T. Climate-smart agriculture on small-scale farms: A systematic literature review. Agronomy. 2021;11(6):1096. doi:10.3390/agronomy11061096
26. Mohammed KA, Mahmood ET. Attitude of Al-Qasimia village farmers in Hawija district/Kirkuk Province toward cultivation and consumption of white eggplant. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2022;1060(1):012147. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012147
27. Mume ID. Assessment, monitoring and evaluation of climate smart agriculture: A review. Int J Food Sci Agric. 2021;5(3). doi:10.26855/ijfsa.2021.09.022
28. Murad HS. Level of knowledge in the main domains of agricultural practices among pepper farmers in Zakho City. Anbar J Agric Sci. 2025;23(1):728-743.
29. Najam AA, Khalaf MA. Economic analysis of the impact of irrigation method and factors affecting its adoption in wheat farms in the 2023-2024 season: The Anbar Governorate as a study model. Anbar J Agric Sci. 2025;23(1):806-820.
30. Noori NS, Hameed BH, Mohammed MK. An economic evaluation of the performance efficiency of conservation agriculture and food security projects using logistic regression in Iraq for the 2022-2023 season. Anbar J Agric Sci. 2024;22(2):1033-1049.
31. Pacillo G, Kangogo D, Madurga-Lopez I, Villa V, Belli A, Läderach P. Is climate exacerbating the root causes of conflict in Mali? A climate security analysis through a structural equation modeling approach. Front Clim. 2022;4:849757. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.849757
32. Sadam M, Hassan M, Rashid MS, et al. Using the diverse vegetables as filtration plants in aquaculture intensive system. Tikrit J Agric Sci. 2025;25(1):1-15. doi:10.25130/tjas.25.1.1
33. Teklewold H, Gebrehiwot T, Bezabih M. Climate smart agricultural practices and gender differentiated nutrition outcome: An empirical evidence from Ethiopia. World Dev. 2019;122:38-53. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.010
34. Wang SL, Hoppe RA, Hertz T, Xu S. Farm labor, human capital, and agricultural productivity in the United States. 2022.
35. Wiek A, Withycombe L, Redman CL. Key competencies in sustainability: A reference framework for academic program development. Sustain Sci. 2011;6:203-218. doi:10.1007/s11625-011-0132-6
36. World Bank. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP). 2019.
37. Yusuf OJ, Olatinwo LK, Aiyedun OE. Assessment of the effects of climate change on the livelihoods and adaptation strategies of rural women in Kwara State, Nigeria. Anbar J Agric Sci. 2025;23(1):791-805.
38. Zecca F. The use of Internet of Things for the sustainability of the agricultural sector: The case of climate smart agriculture. SSRN. 2019.
39. Punit N, Singh R. A statistical analysis of human and environmental indicators to measure development process: A case study. Int J Geogr Geol Environ 2023;5(1):168-176. DOI: 10.22271/27067483.2023.v5.i1b.158