Management of Phomopsis blight of brinjal with various fungicides under field condition

In vivo efficacy of fungicides were assessed against Phomopsis vexans causing Phomopsis blight of brinjal. The tested fungicides were Carbendazim 50 % WP, Propiconazole 25 % EC, Hexaconazole 5 % EC, Mancozeb 75 % WP, Propineb 70 % WP, Carbendazim 12 % + Mancozeb 63% WP, Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Pyraclostrobin 13.3% + Epoxiconazole 5 % SE. Field trials were conducted during Kharif 2024 in the experimental field of Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur using Pusa Purple Round variety of brinjal. The trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. After the third spray Seedling dip with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Spray Carbendazim 50% WP showed least disease severity of 16.27 % and showed highest disease control 63.25% respectively over the untreated control plot. The same treatment resulted in maximum fruit yield of 28.96 t/ha registering 60.00 % increase in yield over the untreated control plot with ICBR of 1:25.91. The second best treatment was Seedling dip with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Spray Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP showed disease severity of 16.53 % and showed disease control 62.66 % respectively over the untreated control plot with fruit yield of 28.60 t/ha registering 58.01 % increase in yield over the untreated control plot with ICBR of 1:20.74 followed by Seedling dip with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Spray Hexaconazole 5% EC showed disease severity of 16.80 % and showed disease control 62.05 % respectively over the untreated control plot with fruit yield of 28.59 t/ha registering 57.96 % increase in yield over the untreated control plot with highest ICBR of 1:26.00. These treatments were at par with each other and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The untreated control plot recorded maximum disease severity of 44.27 % and lowest fruit yield 18.10 t/ha.

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Fruit yield* t/ha: Carbendazim 50 % WP vs Propiconazole 25 % EC vs Hexaconazole 5 % EC vs Mancozeb 75 % WP vs Propineb 70 % WPClose ×

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Introduction

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), belonging to the family Solanaceae is commonly known as eggplant and Guinea squash, which is the native of India from where it spread to other parts of the world (Yawalkar, 1985) [20] . It is one of the most popular and principle fruit vegetable crop grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of India. It is highly productive and usually finds a place as "Poor man's crop" and also described as "King of Vegetables", due to its wide usage in Indian foods (Rajan and Markose, 2002) [14] . It is one of the most popular and principle fruit vegetable crop grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of India. Brinjal, besides being a significant vegetable, has been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments (Kashyap et al., 2003) [10] . It is appreciated for its medicinal properties, including its cholesterol-lowering effects, mainly attributed to the polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) present in the fruit's flesh and seeds in high quantities. In traditional medicine, brinjal is noted for its use in treating liver diseases, allergies, rheumatism, leucorrhea and intestinal worms. Its seeds are used as stimulants, while its leaves have narcotic properties. Additionally, brinjal is used to alleviate toothache (Nadkarni, 1927) [11] . It is mainly grown in Indian states like Orissa, Bihar, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (Akhtar et al., 2007) [1] , with an area and production of 6,77,000 ha and 1,27,79,000 MT respectively and productivity of 18.87 tons per ha (Anon., 2023) [2] . Brinjal suffers from various abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, low and high temperature and heavy-metal as well as biotic stresses including viral, bacterial, fungal, nematodes, phytoplasmal pathogens, parasitic plants and insect herbivores, causing enormous qualitative as well as quantitative losses. [17] . Among various fungal diseases, Phomopsis blight is most widely occurred disease caused by the fungus Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. & Syd.). It affects the seedling, leaves, branches and fruits, leading to significant yield and quality losses. The disease typically causes 15-20 % reduction in crop yield. (Jakatimath et al., 2017) [8] Hence experiment to find out effective fungicides against Phomopsis vexans was conducted under in vivo condition.

Method of recording observations Disease severity

For the purpose of measuring the severity of the disease, five plants per treatment in each replication were chosen at random and tagged. Prior to the first spray, an initial observation was made and further observations were made 7 days after each spray. Seven days following the last spray, the final observations were noted and Per cent Disease severity/ intensity were calculated. Disease intensity of fruit rot was recorded by applying 0-5 rating scale given by Kalda et al. (1976) [9] and presented in Table below. Percent disease intensity (PDI)/severity were calculated as per formula given by Wheeler (1969) [19] ,

Rating scale for Fruit rot

The percent disease control (PDC) were calculated by applying formula,

Yield

Fruits were harvested at maturity and yields of net were recorded as kg per plot and later expressed in tons per ha.

Statistical analysis

The data obtained in the experiment conducted (in vivo) were subjected to statistical analysis. The standard error (S.E.) and critical difference (C.D.) @ 5% level of significance were worked out (Panse and Sukhatme, 1978) [13] and per cent data was transformed into arc sine values. [18] who assessed the effectiveness of five fungicides Bavistin (0.1%), Vitavax (0.1%), Blitox-50 (0.2%), Ridomil (0.2%), Indofil M-45 (0.2%) and one bio-pesticide Nimbidine (0.5%), on disease severity and yield of brinjal. They found that spraying Bavistin (0.1%) and Vitavax (0.1%) at 15-day intervals was most effective in reducing disease incidence and increasing yield. conducted experiment to assess the efficacy of different fungi toxicants in in-vivo condition and observed that seed treatment with Saaf @ 2g/kg seed + 2 foliar sprays with Contaf @ 0.1% recorded least disease intensity with highest fruit yield. The data in table 1 represented that the significant difference in yield of brinjal due to various treatments over the untreated control. Among the treatments, highest yield of 28.96 t/ha was obtained in treatment T 1 ( Beura et al., (2008) recorded maximum fruit yield (227.25 q/ha) registering 71.12 % increase in yield over control with maximum cost benefit ratio of 1:12.85 and Chaukhe et al., (2017) [4] who reported that maximum yield of brinjal (185.52 q/ha) registering 32.10 % increase in yield over control with maximum cost benefit ratio of 1:12.87 with carbendazim (0.1%) against Phomopsis blight of brinjal.

Tr. No.	Treatments	Conc. (%)	After Terminal spray	—	Fruit yield* t/ha	Increased yield over control t/ha	ICBR
			PDI*	PDC
T1	Carbendazim 50 % WP	0.1 %	16.27 (23.78)**	63.25 (52.68)	28.96	10.86	1:25.91
T2	Propiconazole 25 % EC	0.05 %	22.40 (28.24)	49.40 (44.65)	26.25	08.15	1:22.36
T3	Hexaconazole 5 % EC	0.1 %	16.80 (24.19)	62.05 (51.97)	28.59	10.49	1:26.00
T4	Mancozeb 75 % WP	0.2 %	24.26 (29.50)	45.20 (42.24)	25.35	07.25	1:16.32
T5	Propineb 70 % WP	0.2 %	25.07 (30.04)	43.37 (41.19)	24.16	06.06	1:10.98
T6	Carbendazim 12 % + Mancozeb 63% WP	0.2 %	16.53 (23.98)	62.66 (52.33)	28.60	10.50	1:20.74

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Effect of fungicide spraying on Phomopsis blight and yield of brinjal

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Results and discussion

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Seedlings dip with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and spray of Carbendazim 50% WP found most effective in controlling Phomopsis blight showed least disease severity of 16.27 % and showed highest disease control 63.25% respectively over the untreated control plot. The same treatment resulted in maximum fruit yield of 28.96 t/ha registering 60.00 % increase in yield over the untreated control plot with ICBR of 1:25.91.The second best treatment was Seedling dip with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Spray Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP showed disease severity of 16.53 % and showed disease control 62.66 % respectively over the untreated control plot with fruit yield of 28.60 t/ha registering 58.01 % increase in yield over the untreated control plot with ICBR of 1:20.74 followed by Seedling dip with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Spray Hexaconazole 5% EC showed disease severity of 16.80 % and showed disease control 62.05 % respectively over the untreated control plot with fruit yield of 28.59 t/ha registering 57.96 % increase in yield over the untreated control plot with highest ICBR of 1:26.00. These treatments were at par with each other and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. All treated fungicides were found effective in management of Phomopsis blight as compared to control.

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