to estimate the costs and returns of banana cultivation in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh state

Introduction

Review of Literature

analysed the cost of cultivation and returns of banana crop, by the observation of 240 sampled farmers of middle Gujrat. They found different costs of cultivation the per hectare labour cost was higher (₹ 101064.60) in banana cultivation followed by manures and fertiliser cost (₹ 75008.60) and planting material charges (₹ 48888.84). Cost C2 was ₹ 396162.82 per hectare for banana cultivation. The average price received by farmers was found to be at ₹ 943.24 per quintal and gross return was ₹ 814770.71 per hectare. The net return over cost C2 was found to be ₹ 418607.90 while the benefit-cost ratio was 2.06. they concluded as Banana crop is Economically viable to the farmers. Bhatta et al. (2023) [1] conducted study to examine the profitability and resource use efficiency in banana production in the Chitwan district. Categorization of banana farmers was done according to the farm size as small-scale and large-scale farmers. A total of 80 banana farmers were randomly selected, including 45 small-scale and 35 largescale farmers. Results revealed that the average cost of production of bananas per Kattha per year was NPR 11,769.85 and the gross benefit was NPR 15,470.687 per Kattha per year. Similarly, the overall BC ratio was 1.37 showing a profitable farming business with the significant economy of scale. The return to scale was 0.699 showing a decreasing return to scale Munusamy et al. (2022) [3] analysed the cost and returns of banana, by the observation of 60 sampled farmers of Kanniyakumari District of Tamil Nadu. They found that total cost of cultivation of banana per acre was Rs. 1, 34,615. The Gross Income is Rs. 2, 34,000. The Net Income is Rs.99, 385 The BCR value is 1.73. Thus it concluded that banana is economically profitable for the farmers. Rede et al. (2021) [5] analysed the per ha return and cost of banana cultivation based on the information of 90 sample farmers of Solapur district, Maharashtra. They estimated that the cost of cultivation was Rs.324671.04/ha. The per hectare inputs utilized for banana at overall level were 118.58 human days, 22.67 tonnes manures, 399.60 kg N, 126.11 kg P, 720.29 kg K. Average gross income was Rs.627708.57. The gross income received in size group small, medium and large was Rs. 609142.70, Rs. 614926.70 and Rs.659056.30, respectively. Murry and Das (2019) [2] carried out study in Wokha district of Nagaland, India. And for the observation 60 banana growers had been recognized and interviewed through the www.extensionjournal.com multi degree stratified random sampling approach for the observe on the financial analysis and profitability of banana cultivation it was observed that a mean according to hectare general cost of banana cultivation was Rs. 59041.30. The variable price and fixed price shares represent Rs. 55493.83 (93.99%) and Rs. 3547.47 (6.01%) respectively. The annual average gross income was observed to Rs. 157980.33 according to hectare with a mean internet goes back of Rs. 101819.82. The benefit cost ratio over total cost was observed out to be 2.68 that is economically viable enterprise.

Methods and Materials Sampling Procedure

The study was conducted in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh, purposively selected for its highest banana production in the state and ranking fourth in area under banana cultivation. Out of the nine blocks in the district, three blocks-Kharsia, Pusour, and Dharamjaigarh-were purposively chosen due to their extensive banana-growing areas. From each block, eight villages with substantial banana cultivation were selected, making a total of 24 villages. The study population comprised 481 banana-growing households from these villages. A 25% sample was drawn, resulting in 120 respondents, who were further categorized into small, medium, and large farmers.

Analytical Tools

Data were analyzed using simple tabular methods along with basic statistical measures such as averages, percentages, ratios, and indices. Costs and returns from banana cultivation were evaluated through standard farm management techniques.

Standard cost concept

The standard cost method employed by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, was adopted to determine the cost of cultivation. The cost of cultivating bananas was presented in terms of Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2, and Cost C3. The various cost components were calculated using the following method.

Results and Discussion

Economics of Banana Cultivation

Per hectare cost of banana cultivation was analyzed by farm size (small, medium, large). Variable costs (about 75% of total) dominate, mainly from hired labour, planting material, fertilizers, and manures. Family labour cost is higher on small farms, while hired labour and machinery costs rise with farm size. Planting material averages ₹51,504 (18.6%), and fertilizers alone account for nearly 10% of costs. Fixed costs (≈24%) remain stable across farm sizes, with land rental value (₹61,775) forming the largest share (22%). Total cultivation cost per hectare rises with scale: Small farms: ₹2,67,146.93, Medium farms: ₹2,78,242.52, Large farms: ₹2,86,944.78 & Overall average: ₹2,77,444.70

References

1. Bhatta K, Dhakal S, Karki B. Profitability and resource use efficiency in banana production in Chitwan district, Nepal. J Agric Environ. 2023;24(1):45-56.
2. Murry T, Das P. Economic analysis and profitability of banana cultivation in Wokha district of Nagaland. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2019;8(5):1453-61.
3. Munusamy P, Kumar S, Selvaraj R. Cost and returns of banana cultivation in Kanniyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Int J Agric Sci. 2022;14(2):112-7.
4. Pundir S, Patel R, Chaudhary M. Economics of banana cultivation: A case study of Middle Gujarat. Agric Econ Res Rev. 2024;37(1):89-98.
5. Rede PB, Jadhav RM, Pawar SS. Cost and return analysis of banana cultivation in Solapur district of Maharashtra. Int J Agric Sci. 2021;13(10):10321-5.