Chemical drivers of crop development: A review on agrochemical interventions

Abstract

Agrochemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and plant growth regulators are central to modern agriculture, enhancing yields, improving nutrient availability, and protecting crops from biotic and abiotic stresses. This review summarizes their classification, mechanisms of action, and influence on crop growth and phenology, while also addressing soil-plant interactions and stress mitigation. Despite their benefits, excessive use contributes to soil degradation, water contamination, biodiversity decline, and health risks. Advances in nanotechnology-based formulations, smart delivery systems, and precision agriculture are emerging as sustainable alternatives that improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Regulatory frameworks and resistance management strategies remain crucial for balancing productivity with ecological preservation. By integrating conventional and innovative approaches, agrochemicals can continue to support food security while moving toward more sustainable farming systems.